Indo-Pakistani Air War of 1965

Indo-Pakistani Aerial War of 1965
Part of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
DateAugust – September 23, 1965
LocationSouth Asia
Result United Nations mandated ceasefire.[1] No permanent territorial changes (See Tashkent Declaration).
Belligerents

 India

 Indian Air Force

 Pakistan

 Pakistan Air Force
Commanders and leaders
ACM Arjan Singh AM Noor Khan
Casualties and losses

Neutral claims[2][3]

  • 60–75 aircraft[2]

Indian claims

  • 75 aircraft lost [4]

Pakistani claims

  • 110[5]-113[6] aircraft destroyed

Neutral claims[2]

  • 20 aircraft[2]

Pakistani claims

  • 19 aircraft lost[5]

Indian claims

  • 43[7]-73 aircraft destroyed [6]

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 saw the Indian and Pakistani Air Forces engaged in large-scale aerial combat against each other for the first time since the independence of Pakistan in 1947. The war took place during the course of September 1965 and saw both air forces conduct defensive and offensive operations over Indian and Pakistani airspace. Both countries made contradictory claims regarding the number of losses that they suffered and the number of planes that they claimed to have shot down. Indian losses have been placed at between 59 and 110, while Pakistani losses were between 18 and 43.

Background

The war began in early August 1965 and initially the fighting was confined mainly to the ground.[1] Later, however, as the war progressed, the war took on another dimension as the two sides began air operations against each other. Although the two forces had previously taken part in the First Kashmir War which had occurred shortly after the independence of Pakistan in 1947, that engagement had been limited in scale compared to the 1965 conflict and the air operations that both sides had undertaken were limited[8] and largely confined to interdiction and other strategic purposes such as re-supply and troop transport operations.[9] Although there had been one incident where Indian fighter aircraft intercepted a Pakistani transport, there had been no significant air-to-air combat.[10] During the 1965 conflict, however, the PAF flew a total 2,364 sorties while the IAF flew 3,937 sorties.[11]

Main battle

The aerial phase of the war began on 1 September 1965 when the Indian Air Force (IAF) responded to an urgent call for air strikes against the Pakistani Army, which had launched an attack known as Operation Grand Slam. The IAF's 45 Sqn was tasked to carry out Close air Support missions in support of Indian troops. The squadron had recently been moved from Pune to Pathankot, after a merger of No 220 Sqn into it, under the command of Sqn. Ldr. S.K. "Marshal" Dhar. Three missions of four aircraft each were tasked, with the first wave taking off at 1719 hours.[12] These strafed Pakistani positions and attacked Pakistani tanks and ground targets, though a lot of damage from "friendly fire" was also reported later on. The Indian aircraft were intercepted by two Pakistan Air Force (PAF) F-86 Sabres, flown by S/L Sarfraz Rafiqui of No 5 Sqn and F/L Imtiaz Bhatti of No 15 Sqn. In the ensuing dogfight four IAF Vampires were lost, one from the first wave and three from the second.[13][14] After this, the IAF immediately withdrew about 130 Vampires, together with over 50 Ouragons, from front-line service.[15]

On 2 September, both sides flew in support of their ground forces, however no major aerial engagement was observed.[16]

The appearance of the Sabres necessitated a move by the IAF to send the Folland Gnat fighters to the forward base of Pathankot. IAF used Mysteres flying at slow speed as bait to lure Sabres to attack where the waiting Gnats will take them on. Two sabres were scrambled but one had to turn back without entering the fight when the pilot couldn't jettison the fuel tanks. The other one flown by Flt Lt Yusaf Ali Khan, spotted the IAF planes and tried positioning himself behind them before attacking. Just as he got his cross-hairs on them he felt thuds on his own jet, as he was surrounded in a cloud of Gnats repeatedly being attacked. A Lockheed F-104 Starfighter lurking in the area was pointed to the dog fight by base control along with scrambling another one from base. The first Starfighter crossed through the dog fight at super sonic speed. The Gnats after scoring a kill started egressing. IAF's Squadron Leader Trevor J. Keelor of No. 23 Squadron claimed to have shot down the F-86 Sabre on that day (September 3), claiming the first air combat victory for the IAF of the war and subsequently received the Vir Chakra and the title of 'Sabre Slayer'. However the sabre he 'shot down' was flown in badly damaged condition and somehow rough landed back at the base. The Sabre pilot, Flt Lt Yusaf Ali Khan, was given Sitara-e-Jurat for surviving dog fight with six Gnats (while his wingman was ordered to leave since he couldn't jettison his fuel tanks) and bringing the damaged Sabre back home. In the same incident, an IAF Gnat pilot was overheard warning others of the incoming Starfighter. [17] Also, a Gnat piloted by Squadron Leader Brij Pal Singh Sikand, mistakingly landed at an abandoned airstrip in Pasrur, when he thought he had safely crossed the border. His takeoff attempt was aborted due to presence of a Pakistan army jeep on the runway. He was taken POW and later handed over to PAF. A Lockheed F-104 Starfighter flown by Flt Lt Hakimullah Khan chasing in at super sonic speed was also credited with forcing the Gnat down.[17][18] This Gnat is displayed as a war trophy in the Pakistan Air Force Museum, Karachi.[17] after it was flown from Pasrur by Sqn Ldr Saad Hatmi who flew the captured aircraft back to Sargodha, and later tested and evaluated its flight performance, was of the personal view that Gnat was no 'Sabre Slayer' when it came to dog fighting.[17]

On 4 September, an F-86 Sabre was lost. The PAF claimed the cause to be friendly ground fire[19] while the IAF claimed to have shot it down.

Rafiqui was shot down over Halwara on 6 September, while Bhatti ended the war with 34 combat missions to his credit, the maximum combat missions flown by any pilot during the war.[20]

Indian Folland Gnat on display at the PAF Museum Gallery.

During the conflict, the Pakistani F-86 Sabre Flying Ace, Muhammad Mahmood Alam shot down seven Indian aircraft including claims of two as 'probable'. Five Hawker Hunter aircraft were shot down in one minute, of which four were brought down in 30 seconds.[21][22][23][24][25]

On September 6, the Indian Army crossed the border at Lahore to relieve pressure on the Chamb Jaurian sector. On the evening of the same day, the PAF responded with attacks on Indian airfields at Pathankot, Adampur and Halwara. The attack on Pathankot was successful, while the attacks on Adampur and Halwara were failures. The IAF lost almost ten aircraft on the ground at Pathankot. The Adampur strike turned back before even reaching Adampur while at Halwara two of the three attacking raiders were shot down for the loss of two Indian Hunters in air combat. Both the Indian pilots survived as they ejected over their base, whereas the intruding Pakistani pilots were killed in action. This included the ace Squadron Leader Sarfaraz Rafiqui who had shot down two Vampires on 1 September.[26] Before being shot down, Rafiqui is credited with shooting down the first of the Hunters.[26] He was later posthumously awarded the Sitara-e-Jurat for the Chamb action and the Hilal-i-Jurat for the Halwara action.[27]

On 7 September 1965, the PAF parachuted 135 Special Services Group (SSG) para commandos[28] at three Indian airfields (Halwara, Pathankot and Adampur).[29] The daring attempt proved to be an "unmitigated disaster". Only ten commandos were able to return to Pakistan,[29] the rest were taken as prisoners of war (including one of the Commanders of the operations, Major Khalid Butt). At Halwara and Adampur these troops landed in residential areas where the villagers caught and handed them over to police.[29]

Also on 7 September, the IAF mounted 33 sorties against the heavily guarded PAF airfield complex at Sargodha.[30][31] The IAF lost two Mysteres and three Hunters due to the defence mounted by the PAF's local squadrons. One of the Indian Hunter pilots, who ejected near Sargodha, was made POW and released after the war. One of the crippled Mysteres flying solo got involved in a dogfight with an F-104 Starfighter and each somehow shot the other down; the Pakistani pilot safely ejected, while the Indian pilot, Squadron Leader Ajamada B. Devayya, was killed.[26][32] Squadron Leader Devayya was awarded the Maha Vir Chakra for his bravery[33] 23 years later, after his feat was revealed by an author appointed by the PAF to write its official history of the 1965 war.

The seventh of September also marked the day when the PAF attacked IAF airfields in the Eastern Sector. During the PAF's raid on Kalaikunda, Indian pilot Flight Lieutenant A T Cooke engaged 3 PAF Sabres, shooting down one and badly damaging the second sabre, by this time, Cooke had no ammunition left but he successfully chased away the third sabre. His wingman engaged the remaining one sabre and shoot it down.[32][34][35] The war lessened in intensity after 8 September, with occasional clashes between the IAF and the PAF. Both air forces now changed their doctrine from air interdictions to ground attack and concentrated their efforts on knocking out soft skin targets and supply lines, such as wagons carrying ammunition; and armoured vehicles. During the conflict IAF English Electric Canberras raided a few of the Pakistani bases. On 10 September one Mystere was downed by anti-aircraft fire in Pakistan but the pilot ejected safely.[36]

On September 13, one PAF F-86 Sabre was downed while attacking a train near Gurdaspur and the pilot was killed. In another encounter the same day between PAF Sabres from Sargodha and IAF Gnats from No. 2 Squadron,[37] an Indian Gnat was shot down by a PAF F-86 Sabre flown by Flt Lt Yusaf Ali Khan[26] although the Indian pilot managed to eject safely. The other Gnat was engaged and damaged in air combat by Flt Lt Imtiaz Bhatti. The experienced pilot somehow managed to return to base, where according to All India Radio the Gnat's pilot later died of wounds sustained during the combat.[38] He was said to have brought his damaged aircraft back to base and to have died during landing. His funeral was attended by the Indian President.[39] Yusaf Ali Khan was credited with a kill whereas, Imtiaz Bhatti was credited with damaging the IAF Gnat[26] despite the later confirmation that the pilot died of wounds and the Gnat crashed during its landing attempt.[40] Later in the night of 13/14 September, Indian Canberras undertook the deepest penetration of Pakistani airspace of the war, attacking Pakistani bases around Peshawar and Kohat. Rather than bombing the Peshawer runway, however, IAF bombers mistook the mall road in Peshawer as the runway and dropped their bombs there instead. The Canberras were intercepted by a Pakistani F-104 near Lahore but they managed to evade the Starfighter and return home safely. They also had an encounter with F-86 Sabres, one of which fired at the Canberras, which sustained some damage.[26] A Pakistani F-86 Sabre also crashed while conducting an evasive maneuver in an attempt to escape pursuit, from an escorting Gnat as it tried to defend the Canberra bombers; the PAF pilot was killed. The Gnat pilot, W/C Singh, was later credited with an aerial victory for this incident near Amritsar.[32] Later, one Pakistani B-57 was shot down by anti-aircraft fire over Adampur, although both of its crew managed to eject safely and remained POWs.

On 15 September, the PAF employed a number of its Lockheed C-130 Hercules transport aircraft as bombers, which proved unsuccessful; two of them were shot down by the IAF. The following day, one IAF Hunter[26] and a PAF F-86 Sabre[26] were shot down over Halwara. The IAF pilot was killed in the encounter, although the Pakistani pilot ejected and spent the rest of the war as a POW.[41] A Pakistani Cessna was also shot down that day, as well as an Auster observation aircraft.[32] On 18 September a Sabre was shot down by a Gnat over Amritsar; the matter was reported by the Collector, who had witnessed the entire dogfight.[32] The same day a Pakistani Sabre shot down a civilian Indian aircraft even after the civilian plane indicated its identity, the PAF pilot assuming it to be a reconnaissance mission. Years later, the PAF pilot wrote a letter to the Indian pilot's daughter to apologize for shooting down the aircraft.[42] The aircraft had been carrying the then Gujarat Chief Minister Balwant Rai and his family.[42][43][44]

On 19 September, a Gnat[26] and two Sabres[32] were downed over Chawinda. One of the Sabres that were shot down was credited to Squadron Leader Denzil Keelor,[32] the brother of Trevor Keelor, who was credited with the first Indian aerial victory of the war.[45] The following day, another two Hunters[26] and an F-86 Sabre[32] were lost over Kasur, Pakistan.

The F-86 was vulnerable to the diminutive Folland Gnat, nicknamed "Sabre Slayer."[46] The Gnat is credited by many independent and Indian sources as having shot down seven Pakistani Canadair Sabres[lower-alpha 1] in the 1965 war.[47][48] while two Gnats were downed by PAF fighters.

At one stage the IAF was operating 200 air missions simultaneously. IAF Folland Gnats of Nos 9 and 23 squadrons played a significant role in major air battles.

On 21 September, IAF Canberras carried out a daring daylight strike into Pakistan against the radar complex in Badin.[49] The raid proved to be successful. Under the command of Wing Commander Peter Wilson, six Canberras from No. 16 Squadron took off from Agra, over 1,000 km from Bladin and proceeded towards the radar complex at low level.[49] About 80 miles (130 km) short of the target, one Canberra climbed to an altitude of 10,000 feet in order to act as a decoy, before returning to base. The other five Canberras continued on towards the target. The flight then separated and four of the aircraft approached the target in two sections, each two minutes apart, at low level; before climbing to 7,000 feet from where they carried out bombing runs, dropping approximately 10,000 lbs of explosives. Wilson then approached from the south at an altitude of just 30 feet firing a salvo of 68mm rockets at the radar dome.[49]

On the same day a PAF F-104 intercepted a Canberra bomber on its way back from Sargodha and shot it down,[26] while one Hunter pilot who was the son of Chief of the Indian Army was shot down by anti-aircraft fire; he ejected and was taken POW.[50] The ceasefire was declared on the night of September 22, 1965.[1]

Outcome

There are conflicting claims by either side on this issue. Pakistani sources suggest that Indian losses were in the range of 59–110 and Pakistani losses were around 18–43.[5][11]

Indian sources also claim that in terms of aircraft lost to sorties flown, the Indian Air Force's attrition rate (1.5%) was lower than the Pakistani attrition rate (1.82%).[11]

Another factor which makes it difficult to determine the outcome of the 1965 air war is the issue of aircraft lost in the air in air-to-air combat or to ground fire as opposed to aircraft lost on the ground due to bombing.[11] India claimed that a large number of Indian aircraft losses occurred on the ground during the attacks on Kalaikkunda and Pathankot—up to 60 per cent by some accounts.[51] —while most of the Pakistani losses were in aerial combat.

PAF surprised the Indian Airforce especially in strike missions where it destroyed numerous IAF aircraft, Pakistan attained unchallenged Air Superiority from the onset allowing Pakistani ground forces to operate without danger of enemy air threat.[52]

Effect on future wars

Much of the lessons of the 1965 war lead India to refine tactics which proved decisive in the 1971 war. Pakistani forces failed to take account of the extent to which they had relied on two factors which the IAF could not take for granted - complete ground based defensive radar coverage and an adequate supply of air-to-air missiles. Much effort was expended in India to remedy these deficiencies before 1971.

With Soviet aid, India established a modern early warning radar system, including the recently introduced 'Fansong-E' low-level radar, linked with SA-2 'Guideline' surface-to-air missiles and a large number of AA guns. By December 1971 the IAF comprised a total of 36 squadrons (of which 10 were deployed in the Bengal sector) with some 650 combat aircraft.

Moreover, the 1965 war resulted in the USA imposing a 10-year arms embargo on both sides. This had no effect, on India, which had always looked to Britain, France and even Russia for arms, but was disastrous for Pakistan, which was forced to acquire 90 obsolete second hand Sabre via Iran, a mere 28 Mirage IIIs from France and 74 maintenance intensive Shenyang F-6s. It was unable to replace losses among its (already weak) force of B-57s, or to acquire a modern interceptor in realistic numbers. [53]

Notes

  1. ↑ Licence-built North American F-86 Sabres with Canadian engines.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Indo-Pakistani War of 1965". Global Security.org. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Thomas M. Leonard (2006). Encyclopedia of the developing world. Taylor & Francis. pp. 806–. ISBN 978-0-415-97663-3. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  3. ↑ "Indo-Pakistan Wars". Archived from the original on 1 November 2009.
  4. ↑ "Official History of IAF in 65 War" (PDF). Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 1965 War: A Different Legacy: ALL THINGS PAKISTAN. Pakistaniat.com (1965-09-06). Retrieved on 2011-04-14.
  6. 1 2 O' Nordeen, Lon (1985). Air Warfare in the Missile Age. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 84–87. ISBN 978-0-87474-680-8.
  7. ↑ The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-14.
  8. ↑ Leonard, Thomas (2006). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Taylor & Francis. pp. 805–806. ISBN 978-0-415-97663-3.
  9. ↑ Harkavy, Robert; Neuman, Stephanie (2001). Warfare and the Third World. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-312-24012-7.
  10. ↑ Cooper, Tom. "Indo-Pakistani War, 1947–1949". Air Combat Information Group. Archived from the original on June 13, 2006. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Singh, Jasjit (2007). "The 1965 India-Pakistan War: IAF's Ground Reality". The Sunday Tribune, 6 May 2007. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
  12. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 6, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
  13. ↑ "AIR ATTACK - OUTBREAK OF THE WAR (SEPT 1ST - 6TH)". August 2012. Archived from the original on July 6, 2013.
  14. ↑ "Tank Busting In The Chamb". August 2012. Archived from the original on January 5, 2013.
  15. ↑ "SQN LDR SARFARAZ AHMED RIAFIQUI],". Defence Journal. September 1998.
  16. ↑ "PAF Falcons - The Glorious Seventeen Days September 1965 War". paffalcons.com.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Air Commodore M. Kaiser Tufail. "Run… It's a 104.". Jang News.
  18. ↑ "1965 War, Chapter 3." Archived July 6, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. bharat-rakshak.com. Retrieved: 4 November 2010.
  19. ↑ "PAF Falcons - The Glorious Seventeen Days September 1965 War". paffalcons.com.
  20. ↑ Tufail, M.Kaiser (2008). Great Air Battles for Pakistan Air Force. Deadly Stroke: Ferozesons.
  21. ↑ "Alam's Speed-shooting Classic". Defencejournal.com. 1965-09-06. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
  22. ↑ "PAKISTAN AIR FORCE - Official website". Paf.gov.pk. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
  23. ↑ Fricker, John. Battle for Pakistan: the air war of 1965. before we had completed more than about 270 degree of the turn, at around 12 degree per second, all four Hunters had been shot down.
  24. ↑ "Re-birth of Pakistan's Record-holder Air Fighter as a New Man: Mohmammad M. Alam". Yespakistan.com. Retrieved 2011-12-21.
  25. ↑ "Pakistan's Air Power, Flight International magazine, 5 May 1984"
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Pakistani Air-to-Air Victories". Air Combat Information Group. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
  27. ↑ Ranbir Singh (2002). Marshal Arjan Singh, DFC: life and times. Ocean Books. p. 175. ISBN 978-81-88322-04-6. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  28. ↑ "The 1965 War: A view from the east". Rediff news. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  29. 1 2 3 Pratap Chandra Lal (1986). My years with the IAF. Lancer Publishers. pp. 138–. ISBN 978-81-7062-008-2. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
  30. ↑ Tiwary, Air Vice Marshal AK. "IAF defeated PAF in 1965 War". Vol 22.1 Jan - Mar 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  31. ↑ "THE REPLY - AIR BATTLES OF SEPTEMBER 7TH". HISTORY PAGE, 1965 WAR. Bharat Rakshak. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Indian Air-to-Air Victories since 1948". Air Combat Information Group. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
  33. ↑ "Indian Defence Awards : Maha Vir Chakra". Archived from the original on May 2, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
  34. ↑ http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/1965war/1334-alfred-cooke.html
  35. ↑ The India-Pakistan Air War of 1965. Manohar Books. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
  36. ↑ "LIST OF INDIAN PILOTS". 1965 WAR, HISTORY PAGE. Bharat Rakshak. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  37. ↑ Jagan Mohan, P.V.S; Chopra, Samir (2005). The India-Pakistan air war of 1965. Manohar. ISBN 978-81-7304-641-4. pages=240–241
  38. ↑ Jackson, Robert (1994). F-86 Sabre: the operational record. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 9781560985310. |location=page=107
  39. ↑ Fricker, John (1979). Battle for Pakistan: The Air War of 1965. Ian Allan Ltd. ISBN 9780711009295. page=150
  40. ↑ "Chronological Listing of Indian Air Force, Naval Air Force and related Losses & Ejections". October 2013.
  41. ↑ Jagan Mohan, P.V.S; Chopra, Samir (2005). The India-Pakistan air war of 1965. Manohar. ISBN 978-81-7304-641-4. pages=257–259
  42. 1 2 "Fighter pilot says sorry to daughter of man he shot down". The Independent UK. 12 August 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  43. ↑ "Pak pilot says sorry for 1965 downing of plane". Zee News. August 10, 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  44. ↑ "SIDE SHOW IN THE SOUTH-WESTERN SECTOR". HISTORY PAGE, 1965 WAR. Bharat Rakshak. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  45. ↑ Lalwani, Ramesh. "Sabre Killers: Keelor Brothers". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
  46. ↑ See the main article Sabre Slayer for the complete list on this issue including sources.
  47. ↑ Rakshak, Bharat. "Indian Air Force Combat Kills, Indo Pakistan War 1965." History. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  48. ↑ Spick 2002, p. 161.
  49. 1 2 3 Gupta, Aditya. "The Kashmir War, 1965: Raid on Badin". Air Combat Information Group. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
  50. ↑ Fricker, John (1979). Battle for Pakistan: the air war of 1965. I. Allan.page=130
  51. ↑ Khan, J A (2004). Air Power and Challenges to IAF. APH Publishing. p. 185. ISBN 978-81-7648-593-7.
  52. ↑ http://readersupportednews.org/pm-section/86-86/32233-pakistan-won-aerial-warfare-in-the-1965-war
  53. ↑ The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Air Warfare Edited by Chris Bishop (amber publishing 1997, republished 2004 pages 384-387 ISBN 1-904687-26-1)
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