Adversarial review
Adversarial review is the process by which some law, hypothesis, or proposal is reviewed by its author's adversaries.
This is most often applied to the scientific community, where outright criticism is traded among scientists.
It is also often applied to legal structures, such as in having three branches of government (executive, legislative, judicial) which each have certain political power over the others, to create a system of checks and balances.
By being adversarial this form of review naturally requires a marked difference of opinion between the parties involved, or some other form of enmity. This can be useful in that the reviewing party will not be inclined to take any conclusion without solid proof, but can be less useful when the reviewing party takes an irrational definition of a "solid" proof, based more on their opposition than the idea's merits.