Adomnán

Saint Adomnán of Iona
Born c. 624
County Donegal, Ireland
Died 704 (aged c. 80)
Iona, Scotland
Venerated in Eastern Orthodox Church
Roman Catholic Church
Scottish Episcopal Church[1]
Canonized Pre-Congregation
Feast 23 September
Patronage Roman Catholic Diocese of Raphoe

Adomnán or Adamnán of Iona (English pronunciation: /aðɒvˈnɔːn/, Latin: Adamnanus, Adomnanus; c. 624  – 704), also known as Eunan (from Irish Naomh Adhamhnán), was an abbot of Iona Abbey (r. 679–704), hagiographer, statesman, canon jurist, and saint. He was the author of the most important book on the life of his cousin St Columba and the promulgator of the Law of Adomnán or "Law of Innocents" (Latin: Lex Innocentium).

Life

Adomnán was born about 624, a relative on his father's side of Columba.[2] He was the son of Rónán mac Tinne by Ronat, a woman from the Northern Uí Néill lineage known as the Cenél nÉnda. Adomnán's birthplace was Raphoe, a town in County Donegal in Ulster. Some of Adomnán's childhood anecdotes seem to confirm at least an upbringing in this area.

It is thought that Adomnán may have begun his monastic career at a Columban monastery called Druim Tuamma, but any Columban foundation in northern Ireland or Dál Riata is a possibility, although Durrow is a stronger possibility than most. He probably joined the Columban familia (i.e. the federation of monasteries under the leadership of Iona Abbey) around the year 640. Some modern commentators believe that he could not have come to Iona until sometime after the year 669, the year of the accession of Fáilbe mac Pípáin, the first abbot of whom Adomnán gives any information. However, Richard Sharpe argues that he probably came to Iona during the abbacy of Ségéne (d. 652). Whenever or wherever Adomnán received his education, Adomnán attained a level of learning rare in Early Medieval Northern Europe. It has been suggested by Alfred Smyth that Adomnán spent some years teaching and studying at Durrow,[3] and while this is not accepted by all scholars, it remains a strong possibility.

Iona Abbey

In 679, Adomnán became the ninth abbot of Iona after Columba.[4] Abbot Adomnán enjoyed a friendship with King Aldfrith of Northumbria. In 684, Aldfrith had been staying with Adomnán in Iona. In 686, after the death of Aldfrith's brother King Ecgfrith of Northumbria and Aldfrith's succession to the kingship, Adomnán was in the Kingdom of Northumbria on the request of King Fínsnechta Fledach of Brega in order to gain the freedom of sixty Gaels who had been captured in a Northumbrian raid two years before.[3]

Adomnán, in keeping with Ionan tradition, made several more trips to the lands of the English during his abbacy, including one the following year. It is sometimes thought, after the account given by Bede, that it was during his visits to Northumbria, under the influence of Abbot Ceolfrith, that Adomnán decided to adopt the Roman dating of Easter that had been agreed some years before at the Synod of Whitby. Bede implies that this led to a schism at Iona, whereby Adomnán became alienated from the Iona brethren and went to Ireland to convince the Irish of the Roman dating. Jeffrey Wetherill sees Adomnan's long absences from Iona as having led to something of an undermining of his authority; he was thus unable to persuade the monks to adopt the Roman dating of Easter, let alone the tonsure.[2] It is clear that Adomnán did adopt that Roman dating, and moreover, probably did argue the case for it in Ireland.[4]

Cain Adomnain

Main article: Cáin Adomnáin

In 697, it is generally believed that Adomnán promulgated the Cáin Adomnáin, meaning literally the "Canons" or "Law of Adomnán". The Cáin Adomnáin was promulgated amongst a gathering of Irish, Dal Ríatan and Pictish notables at the Synod of Birr. It is a set of laws designed, among other things, to guarantee the safety and immunity of various types of non-combatants in warfare. For this reason it is also known as the "Law of Innocents".

Works

Adomnán's most important work, and the one for which he is best known, is the Vita Columbae (i.e. "Life of Columba"), a hagiography of Iona's founder, Saint Columba,[5] probably written between 697 and 700. The format borrows to some extent from Sulpicius Severus' Life of Saint Martin of Tours.[6] Adamnan adapted traditional forms of Christian biography to group stories about Columba thematically rather than chronologically,[7] and present Columba as comparable to a hero in Celtic mythology.[8] Wetherill suggests that one of the motivations for writing the Vita was to offer Columba as a model for the monks, and thereby improve Adomnan's standing as abbot.[2] The biography is by far the most important surviving work written in early medieval Scotland, and is a vital source for our knowledge of the Picts, as well as a great insight into the life of Iona and the early medieval Gaelic monk.

However, the Vita was not his only work. Adomnán also wrote the treatise De Locis Sanctis (i.e. "On Holy Places"), an account of the great Christian holy places and centres of pilgrimage. Adomnán got much of his information from a Frankish bishop called Arculf, who had personally visited the Egypt, Rome, Constantinople and the Holy Land, and visited Iona afterwards. Adomnán gave a copy to the scholar-king Aldfrith of Northumbria (685-704).[3] Also attributed to him is a good deal of Gaelic poetry, including a celebration of the Pictish King Bridei's (671-93) victory over the Northumbrians at the Battle of Dun Nechtain (685).

Death

Adomnán died in 704, and became a saint in Scottish and Irish tradition, as well as one of the most important figures in either Scottish or Irish history. His death and feast day are commemorated on 23 September. Along with St. Columba, he is joint patron of the Diocese of Raphoe, which encompasses the bulk of County Donegal in the north west of Ireland. The Cathedral of St. Eunan and St. Columba (popularly known as St. Eunan's Cathedral), the Catholic cathedral in that diocese, is in Letterkenny.

Legacy

In his native Donegal, the saint has given his name to several institutions and buildings including:

See also

References

  1. ↑ "St. Adamnan, Kilmaveonaig", The Scottish Episcopal Church
  2. 1 2 3 Wetherill, Jeffrey. "Adomnán, Iona, and the Life of St. Columba: Their Place Among Continental Saints", The Heroic Age, No. 6, Spring 2003
  3. 1 2 3 Smyth, Alfred. Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80-1000, Edinburgh University Press, 1984 ISBN 9780748601004
  4. 1 2 Grattan-Flood, William. "St. Adamnan." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 11 Mar. 2014
  5. ↑ Butler, Alban. The Lives of the Saints, Vol.IX, 1866
  6. ↑ Nilsson, Sara E. Ellis. "Miracle Stories and the Primary Purpose of Adomnán's Vita Columbae", The Heroic Age, No. 10, May 2007
  7. ↑ Bullough, Donald A., "Columba, Adomnán and the achievement of Iona: Part I", The Scottish Historical Review,43, pp.111-130, 1964
  8. ↑ Picard, Jean-Michel. "The purpose of Adomnán's Vita Columbae", Peritia, 1, pp.160-177, 1982.

Sources

Further reading

Primary sources

Secondary sources

Further reading

External links

Preceded by
Failbe		 Abbot of Iona
679–704 		Succeeded by
Conamail
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