Acetyl-CoA

Acetyl-CoA
Names
IUPAC name
S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] ethanethioate
Identifiers
72-89-9 YesY
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
Interactive image
ChEBI CHEBI:15351 YesY
ChemSpider 392413 YesY
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.719
3038
KEGG C00024 N
MeSH Acetyl+Coenzyme+A
PubChem 444493
Properties
C23H38N7O17P3S
Molar mass 809.57 g/mol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YesYN ?)
Infobox references
Acetyl CoA Space-filled Model

Acetyl coenzyme A or acetyl-CoA is an important molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.[1] Its main function is to deliver the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production. Coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a β-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid through an amide linkage. The acetyl group (indicated in blue in the structural diagram on the right) of acetyl-CoA is linked to the sulfhydryl substituent of the β-mercaptoethylamine group. This thioester linkage is a "high energy" bond, which is particularly reactive. Hydrolysis of the thioester bond is exergonic (-31.5 kJ/mol).

CoA is acetylated during breakdown of carbohydrates through glycolysis, as well as by the beta-oxidation of fatty acids. It then enters the citric acid cycle, where the acetyl group is further oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, with the energy thus released captured in the form of 11 ATP and 1 GTP per acetyl group.

Konrad Bloch and Feodor Lynen were awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for their discoveries linking acetyl-CoA and fatty acid metabolism. Fritz Lipmann won the Nobel Prize in 1953 for his discovery of the cofactor, Coenzyme A.

Direct synthesis

The acetylation of CoA is determined by the carbon sources.[2][3]

Extramitochondrial

Intramitochondrial

Functions

Intermediates In Various Pathways

Two acetyl-CoA molecules condense to form acetoacetyl-CoA, which gives rise to the formation of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate.[11] Acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and their spontaneous breakdown product, acetone,[13] are frequently, but confusingly, known as ketone bodies (as they are not "bodies" at all, but water-soluble chemical substances). The ketone bodies are released by the liver into the blood. All cells with mitochondria can take ketone bodies up from the blood and reconvert them into acetyl-CoA, which can then be used as fuel in their citric acid cycles, as no other tissue can divert its oxaloacetate into the gluconeogenic pathway in the way that the liver does. Unlike free fatty acids, ketone bodies can cross the blood-brain barrier and are therefore available as fuel for the cells of the central nervous system, acting as a substitute for glucose, on which these cells normally survive.[11] The occurrence of high levels of ketone bodies in the blood during starvation, a low carbohydrate diet, prolonged heavy exercise, and uncontrolled type-1 diabetes mellitus is known as ketosis, and in its extreme form in out-of-control type-1 diabetes mellitus, as ketoacidosis.

Acetylation

Allosteric regulator

Interactive pathway map

Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to visit Gene Wiki pages and related Wikipedia articles. The pathway can be downloaded and edited at WikiPathways.

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|{{{bSize}}}px|alt=TCA Cycle edit]]

TCA Cycle edit

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    Statin Pathway edit

      See also

      References

      1. "Acetyl CoA Crossroads". chemistry.elmhurst.edu. Retrieved 2016-11-08.
      2. Hynes, Michael J.; Murray, Sandra L. (2010-07-01). "ATP-Citrate Lyase Is Required for Production of Cytosolic Acetyl Coenzyme A and Development in Aspergillus nidulans". Eukaryotic Cell. 9 (7): 1039–1048. doi:10.1128/EC.00080-10. ISSN 1535-9778. PMC 2901662Freely accessible. PMID 20495057.
      3. Wellen, Kathryn E.; Thompson, Craig B. (2012-04-01). "A two-way street: reciprocal regulation of metabolism and signalling". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 13 (4): 270–276. doi:10.1038/nrm3305. ISSN 1471-0072.
      4. Storey, Kenneth B. (2005-02-25). Functional Metabolism: Regulation and Adaptation. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780471675570.
      5. "ACLY ATP citrate lyase [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
      6. Ragsdale, S. W., "Life with carbon monoxide", CRC Crit Rev Biochem and Mol Biol 2004, 39, 165-195.
      7. Chatterjea (2004-01-01). Textbook of Biochemistry for Dental/Nursing/Pharmacy Students. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. ISBN 9788180612046.
      8. 1 2 Berg, Jeremy M.; Tymoczko, John L.; Stryer, Lubert; Berg, Jeremy M.; Tymoczko, John L.; Stryer, Lubert (2002-01-01). Biochemistry (5th ed.). W H Freeman. ISBN 0716730510.
      9. Blackstock, James C. (2014-06-28). Guide to Biochemistry. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 9781483183671.
      10. Houten, Sander Michel; Wanders, Ronald J. A. (2010-03-02). "A general introduction to the biochemistry of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation". Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 33 (5): 469–477. doi:10.1007/s10545-010-9061-2. ISSN 0141-8955. PMC 2950079Freely accessible. PMID 20195903.
      11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Stryer, Lubert (1995). Biochemistry. (Fourth ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 510–515, 559–565, 581–613, 614–623, 775–778. ISBN 0 7167 2009 4.
      12. Oxidation of fatty acids
      13. Ketone body metabolism, University of Waterloo
      14. 1 2 Ferre, P.; F. Foufelle (2007). "SREBP-1c Transcription Factor and Lipid Homeostasis: Clinical Perspective". Hormone Research. 68 (2): 72–82. doi:10.1159/000100426. PMID 17344645. Retrieved 2010-08-30. this process is outlined graphically in page 73
      15. 1 2 Voet, Donald; Judith G. Voet; Charlotte W. Pratt (2006). Fundamentals of Biochemistry, 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 547, 556. ISBN 0-471-21495-7.
      16. Fatland, B. L. (2005). "Reverse Genetic Characterization of Cytosolic Acetyl-CoA Generation by ATP-Citrate Lyase in Arabidopsis". The Plant Cell Online. 17: 182. doi:10.1105/tpc.104.026211.
      17. Yi, C. H.; Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, H.; Yuan, J. (2011-01-01). "Integration of Apoptosis and Metabolism". Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. 76: 375–387. doi:10.1101/sqb.2011.76.010777. ISSN 0091-7451. PMID 22089928.
      18. Pettit, Flora H.; Pelley, John W.; Reed, Lester J. (1975-07-22). "Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and phosphatase by acetyl-CoA/CoA and NADH/NAD ratios". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 65 (2): 575–582. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(75)80185-9.
      19. Jitrapakdee, Sarawut; Maurice, Martin St.; Rayment, Ivan; Cleland, W. Wallace; Wallace, John C.; Attwood, Paul V. (2008-08-01). "Structure, Mechanism and Regulation of Pyruvate Carboxylase". The Biochemical journal. 413 (3): 369–387. doi:10.1042/BJ20080709. ISSN 0264-6021. PMC 2859305Freely accessible. PMID 18613815.

      External links

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