Abu Zubaydah

"Zubaydah" redirects here. For the Arabian Queen, see Zubaidah bint Ja`far.
Abu Zubaydah
Born Zayn al-Abidin Muhammad Husayn
(1971-03-12) March 12, 1971
Saudi Arabia
Arrested Black Site known as "StrawBerry Field" in Cuba
Detained at CIA black sites, Guantanamo
ISN 10016
Charge(s) None
Status Indefinitely detained without trial

Abu Zubaydah ( pronunciation  AH-boo zoo-BAY-dah; Arabic: ابو زبيدة‎‎, Abū Zubaydah; born March 12, 1971 as Zayn al-Abidin Muhammad Husayn) is a Saudi Arabian citizen currently held by the U.S. in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba. He is held under the authority of Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists (AUMF).

Zubaydah was arrested in Pakistan in March 2002 and has been in United States custody ever since, including four-and-a-half years in the secret prison network of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). He was transferred among prisons in various countries as part of United States rendition program.[1] During the time in CIA custody Zubaydah was extensively interrogated; he was water-boarded 83 times[2] and subjected to numerous other torture techniques including forced nudity, sleep deprivation, confinement in small dark boxes, deprivation of solid food, stress positions, and physical assaults. While in CIA custody, Zubaydah lost his left eye.[3] Videotapes of some of Zubaydah's interrogations are amongst those destroyed by the CIA in 2005.[4][5][6][7]

Zubaydah and ten other "high-value detainees" were transferred to Guantanamo in September 2006. He and other former CIA detainees are held in Camp 7, where conditions are the most isolating. At his Combatant Status Review Tribunal in 2007, Zubaydah said he was told that the CIA realized he was not significant.

On July 24, 2014 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ordered the Polish government to pay Zubaydah €100,000 in damages. It also awarded him €30,000 to cover his costs. Poland cooperated with the US allowing the CIA to hold and torture Zubaydah on its territory in 2002–2003. Abu Zubaydah said through his US lawyer that he would be donating the full €100,000 in damages to victims of torture.[8] Joseph Margulies was a lawyer for Zubaydah.[9]

Biography and early activities

According to his younger brother Hesham, they had eight siblings.[10] Hesham remembers his older brother "as a happy-go-lucky guy, and something of a womanizer."[10] Born in Saudi Arabia, Zubaydah moved to the West Bank as a teenager, where he joined in Palestinian demonstrations against the Israelis.[11][12] Zubaydah is reported to have studied computer science in Pune, India prior to his travel to Afghanistan/Pakistan at the age of 20 in 1991.[13] He joined the mujahideen in the Afghan civil war,[14] perhaps serving under Mohamad Kamal Elzahabi.[15] In 1992, Zubaydah was injured in a mortar shell blast, which left shrapnel in his head and caused severe memory loss, as well as the loss of the ability to speak for over one year.[16][17][18]

Zubaydah eventually became involved in the jihad training site known as the Khalden training camp, where he oversaw the flow of recruits and obtained passports and paperwork for men transferring out of Khalden.[19] He may also have worked as an instructor there.[15] Although originally described as an Al Qaeda training camp, this alleged connection, which has been used as justification for holding Zubaydah and others as enemy combatants,[16] has recently come under scrutiny from multiple sources,[16][20][21][22][23] and the camp may have shuttered its doors in 2001 in response to an ideological division with Al Qaeda.[16][20][21][23]

By 1999, the United States government was attempting to surveil Zubaydah.[24] By March 2000, United States officials were reporting that Zubaydah was a "senior Bin Laden official," the "former head of Egypt-based Islamic Jihad," a "trusted aide" to Bin Laden with "growing power," who had "played a key role in the East Africa embassy attacks."[25] Zubaydah was convicted in absentia in Jordan and sentenced to death[26] by a Jordanian court for his role in plots to bomb U.S. and Israeli targets there.[27] A senior Middle East security official said Zubaydah had directed the Jordanian cell and was part of "Bin Laden's inner circle."[28]

In August 2001, the classified FBI report, Bin Laden Determined To Strike in US, said that the foiled millennium bomber, Ahmed Ressam, had confessed that Zubaydah had encouraged him to blow up the Los Angeles airport and facilitated his mission.[29] The report said that Zubaydah was also planning his own attack on the U.S.[29] However, when Ressam was tried in December 2001, federal prosecutors did not try to connect him to Zubaydah or refer to any of this supposed evidence in its case.[30] After the trial, Ressam recanted his confession, saying he had been coerced into giving it.

According to a psychological evaluation conducted upon his capture,[31] Zubaydah allegedly served as Osama Bin Laden's senior lieutenant and counter-intelligence officer (i.e. third or fourth highest-ranking member of al Qaeda), managed a network of training camps, was involved in every major terrorist operation carried out by al Qaeda (including the planning of 9/11), and was engaged in planning future terrorist attacks against U.S. interests. These statements were widely echoed by members of the Bush administration and other US officials.[25][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47] Zubaydah's perceived "value" as a detainee would later be used by President Bush to justify the use of "enhanced interrogation techniques"[48] and Zubaydah's detention in secret CIA prisons around the world.[49] However, Zubaydah's connection to Al Qaeda is now often said to have been overstated,[14][18][50][51][52] and in response to his habeas corpus petition, the U.S. Government stated in 2009 that they did not contend that Zubaydah had any involvement with the 9/11 attacks or that he had even been a member of Al Qaeda.[53][54]

Capture

On March 28, 2002, CIA and FBI agents, in conjunction with Pakistani intelligence services, raided several safe houses in Pakistan searching for Zubaydah.[55][56][57][58] Zubaydah was apprehended from one of the targeted safe houses in Faisalabad, Pakistan.[55][56][57][58][59] The Pakistani intelligence service had paid a small amount for a tip on his whereabouts. The United States paid far more to Pakistan for its assistance; a CIA source later said, "We paid $10 million for Zubaydah."[60] The Pakistan ISI built a new headquarters on 35 acres outside Islamabad with the money and also bought a helicopter.[60]

During the raid, Zubaydah was shot in the thigh, the testicle, and the stomach with rounds from an AK-47 assault rifle.[11][55] Not recognised at first, he was piled into a pick-up truck along with other prisoners by the Pakistani forces, until a senior FBI agent identified him.[61] He was taken by the FBI to a Pakistani hospital nearby and treated for his wounds. The attending doctor told John Kiriakou, the co-leader of the CIA group who apprehended Zubaydah, that he had never before seen a patient survive such severe wounds.[62] The FBI and CIA flew in a doctor from Johns Hopkins University to ensure Zubaydah would survive during transit out of Pakistan.[63]

His pocket litter supposedly contained two bank cards which showed he had access to Saudi and Kuwaiti bank accounts; most al-Qaeda members used the preferred, untraceable hawala banking.[61] According to James Risen, "It is not clear whether an investigation of the cards simply fell through the cracks, or whether they were ignored because no one wanted to know the answers about connections between al Qaeda and important figures in the Middle East – particularly in Saudi Arabia."[61] One of Risen's sources chalks up the failure to investigate the cards to incompetence rather than foul play: "The cards were sent back to Washington and were never fully exploited. I think nobody ever looked at them because of incompetence."[61]

When Americans investigated the cards, they worked with "a Muslim financier with a questionable past, and with connections to the Afghan Taliban, al Qaeda, and Saudi intelligence."[61] Risen wrote, "Saudi intelligence officials had seized all of the records related to the card from the Saudi financial institution in question; the records then disappeared. There was no longer any way to trace the money that had gone into the account."[61]

A search of the safehouse turned up Zubaydah's personal 10,000-page diaries, in which he recorded his thoughts as a young boy, old man, and at his current age. What appears to be split personalities is how Zubaydah was piecing his memories together after his 1992 shrapnel head wound. As part of his therapy to regain his memories, he began recording the diary that detailed his life, emotions, and what people were telling him. He split information into categories, such as what he knew about himself and what people told him, and listed them under different names to distinguish one set from the other. This was later incorrectly interpreted by some analysts reviewing the diary as symptoms of split personality disorder.[11][64]

Zubaydah was turned over to the CIA.[65][66] Reports later alleged that he was transferred to secret CIA-operated prisons, known as black sites, in Pakistan, Thailand, Afghanistan, Poland, Northern Africa, and Diego Garcia.[67][68][69][70][71][72] Historically, renditions of prisoners to countries which commit torture have been illegal. A memo written by John Yoo and signed by Jay Bybee of the Office of the Legal Counsel, DOJ, days before Zubaydah's capture, provided a legal opinion providing for CIA renditions of detainees to places such as Thailand.[73] In March 2009, the U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee launched a year-long study on how the CIA operated the secret prisons, or black sites, around the world.[74]

Top U.S. officials approved torture techniques

In the Spring of 2002, immediately following the capture of Zubaydah, top Bush administration officials, Vice President Dick Cheney, Secretary of State Colin Powell, CIA Director George Tenet, National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, and US Attorney General John Ashcroft discussed at length whether or not the CIA could legally use harsh techniques against him.[75][76] Condoleezza Rice specifically mentioned the SERE program during the meeting, saying, "I recall being told that U.S. military personnel were subjected to training to certain physical and psychological interrogation techniques..."[75]

In addition, in 2002 and 2003, the administration briefed several Democratic Congressional leaders on the proposed "enhanced interrogation techniques."[77] These congressional leaders included Nancy Pelosi, the future Speaker of the House, and Representative Jane Harman.[77] Congressional officials have stated that the attitude in the briefings ranged from "quiet acquiescence, if not downright support."[77] The documents show that top U.S. Officials were intimately involved in the discussion and approval of the harsher interrogation techniques used on Zubaydah.[75] Condoleezza Rice ultimately told the CIA the harsher interrogation tactics were acceptable,[78][79] and Dick Cheney stated, "I signed off on it; so did others."[79][80] During the discussions, US Attorney General John Ashcroft is reported as saying, "Why are we talking about this in the White House? History will not judge this kindly."[76]

Interrogation of Zubaydah

Zubaydah was interrogated by two separate interrogation teams: the first from the FBI and one from the CIA. Ali Soufan, one of the FBI interrogators, later testified in 2009 on these issues to the Senate Committee that was investigating detainee treatment.[81] Soufan, who witnessed part of the CIA interrogation of Zubaydah, described his treatment under the CIA as torture.[81] The International Committee of the Red Cross and others later reached the same conclusion.[82][83][84] While in CIA custody, Zubaydah lost his left eye.[3]

Because of the urgency felt about the interrogation of Zubaydah, the CIA had consulted with the president about how to proceed. The General Counsel of the CIA asked for a legal opinion from the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice about what was permissible during interrogation.

August 1, 2002 memo

Main article: Torture Memos

It was later discovered that in August 2002, the Office of Legal Counsel, Jay Bybee and his assistant John Yoo drafted what became known as the first Torture Memo.[85] Addressed to CIA acting General Counsel John A. Rizzo at his request, the purpose of the memo was to describe and authorize specific enhanced interrogation techniques to be used on Zubaydah.[85][86]

Journalists including Jane Mayer, Joby Warrick and Peter Finn, and Alex Koppelman have reported the CIA was already using these harsh tactics before the memo authorizing their use was written,[11][75][85][87][88] and that it was used to provide after-the-fact legal support for harsh interrogation techniques.[89] A Department of Justice 2009 report regarding prisoner abuses reportedly stated the memos were prepared one month after Zubaydah had already been subjected to the specific techniques authorized in August 1, 2002, memo.[90] John Kiriakou stated in July 2009 that Zubaydah was waterboarded in the early summer of 2002, months before August 1, 2002 memo was written.[91][92]

The memo described ten techniques which the interrogators wanted to use: "(1) attention grasp, (2) walling, (3) facial hold, (4) facial slap (insult slap), (5) cramped confinement, (6) wall standing, (7) stress positions, (8) sleep deprivation, (9) insects placed in a confinement box, and (10) the waterboard."[31] Many of the techniques were, until then, generally considered illegal.[11][72][75][85][93][94] Many other techniques developed by the CIA were held to constitute inhumane and degrading treatment and torture under the United Nations Convention against Torture and Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights.[72]

As reported later, many of these interrogation techniques were previously considered illegal under U.S. and international law and treaties at the time of Zubaydah's capture.[72][93] For instance, the United States had prosecuted Japanese military officials after World War II and American soldiers after the Vietnam War for waterboarding.[93] Since 1930, the United States had defined sleep deprivation as an illegal form of torture.[11] Many other techniques developed by the CIA constitute inhuman and degrading treatment and torture under the United Nations Convention against Torture, and Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights.[72]

Ensuing interrogation

The CIA subjected Zubaydah to various forms of increasingly harsh interrogation techniques, including temperature extremes, music played at debilitating volumes, and sexual humiliation.[17][69][84][95] Zubaydah was also subjected to beatings, isolation, waterboarding, long-time standing, continuous cramped confinement, and sleep deprivation.[11][68][69][84][96][97][98]

During Zubaydah's interrogation, President Bush learned he was on painkillers for his wounds and was proving resistant.[99] He said to the CIA director George Tenet, "Who authorized putting him on pain medication?"[99] It was later reported that Zubaydah was denied painkillers during his interrogation.[11][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107]

Waterboarding

Main article: Waterboarding

Zubaydah was one of three or more high-value detainees to be waterboarded.[84][108] The Bush administration in 2007 said that Zubaydah had been waterboarded once.[62][109][110] John Kiriakou, a CIA officer who had seen the cables regarding Zubaydah's interrogation, publicly said in 2009 that Zubaydah was waterboarded once for 35 seconds before he started talking.[111][112][113]

Intelligence sources claimed as early as 2008 that Zubaydah had been waterboarded no less than ten times in the span of one week.[11] Zubaydah was waterboarded 83 times within the month of August 2002, the month the CIA was authorized to use this enhanced interrogation techniques for him.[86][108][114][115][116][117] In January 2010, Kiriakou, in a memoir, said, "Now we know that Zubaydah was waterboarded eighty-three times in a single month, raising questions about how much useful information he actually supplied."[118]

2003 transfer to Guantanamo

In August 2010 the Associated Press reported that the CIA, having concluded its agents had gotten most of the information from Zubaydah, in September 2003 transferred him and three other high-value detainees to Guantanamo. They were held at what was informally known as "Strawberry Fields," a secret camp within the complex built especially for former CIA detainees. Concerned that a pending Supreme Court decision, Rasul v. Bush (2004), might go against the Bush administration and require providing the prisoners with counsel and having to reveal data about them, on March 27, 2004 the CIA took the four men back into custody and transported them out of Guantanamo to one of their secret sites.[119] At the time, the moves were all kept secret.

International Committee of the Red Cross report

I struggled against the straps, trying to breathe, but it was hopeless. I thought I was going to die.[84]

Abu Zubaydah on being waterboarded

In February 2007, the International Committee of the Red Cross concluded a report on the treatment of "14 high-value detainees," who had been held by the CIA and, after September 2006, by the military at Guantanamo.[84] The ICRC described the twelve enhanced interrogation techniques covered in the OLC memos to the CIA: suffocation by water (which is described as "torture" by numerous US officials[11][94]), prolonged stress standing position, beatings by use of a collar, beating and kicking, confinement in a box, prolonged nudity, sleep deprivation, exposure to cold temperature, prolonged shackling, threats of ill-treatment, forced shaving, and deprivation/restricted provision of solid food.[84] Zubaydah was the only detainee of the 14 interviewed who had been subjected to all 12 of these interrogation techniques.[84] He was also the only one of the 14 detainees to be put into close confinement.[84]

May 30, 2005 memo

The final memo mentioned Zubaydah several times. It claimed that due to the enhanced interrogation techniques, Zubaydah "provided significant information on two operatives, [including] José Padilla[,] who planned to build and detonate a 'dirty bomb' in the Washington DC area."[114] This claim is strongly disputed by Ali Soufan, the FBI interrogator who first interrogated Zubaydah following his capture, by traditional means. He said the most valuable information was gained before torture was used. Other intelligence officers have also disputed that claim.[11][81][82][83][120] Soufan, when asked in 2009 by Senator Sheldon Whitehouse during a Congressional hearing if the memo was incorrect, testified that it was.[121] The memo noted that not all of the waterboarding sessions were necessary for Zubaydah, since the on-scene interrogation team determined he had stopped producing actionable intelligence.[114] The memo reads:

This is not to say that the interrogation program has worked perfectly. According to the IG Report, the CIA, at least initially, could not always distinguish detainees who had information but were successfully resisting interrogation from those who did not actually have the information. See IG Report at 83–85. On at least one occasion, this may have resulted in what might be deemed in retrospect to have been the unnecessary use of enhanced techniques. On that occasion, although the on-scene interrogation team judged Zubaydah to be compliant, elements within CIA Headquarters still believed he was withholding information. See id at 84. At the direction of CIA Headquarters, interrogators therefore used the waterboard one more time on Zubaydah.[114]

John McLaughlin, former acting CIA director, stated in 2006, "I totally disagree with the view that the capture of Zubaydah was unimportant. Zubaydah was woven through all of the intelligence prior to 9/11 that signaled a major attack was coming, and his capture yielded a great deal of important information."[122]

In his 2007 memoir, former CIA Director George Tenet writes:

A published report in 2006 contended that Zubaydah was mentally unstable and that the administration had overstated his importance. Baloney. Zubaydah had been at the crossroads of many al-Qa'ida operations and was in position to – and did – share critical information with his interrogators. Apparently, the source of the rumor that Zubaydah was unbalanced was his personal diary, in which he adopted various personas. From that shaky perch, some junior Freudians leapt to the conclusion that Zubaydah had multiple personalities. In fact, Agency psychiatrists eventually determined that in his diary he was using a sophisticated literary device to express himself. And, boy, did he express himself.[123]

Intelligence obtained from Zubaydah and its aftereffects

Zubaydah's capture was touted as the biggest of the War on Terror until that of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed.[124] The director of the FBI stated Zubaydah's capture would help deter future attacks.[125]

In a speech in 2006, President Bush claimed that Zubaydah revealed useful intelligence when enhanced interrogation was used, including identification of two important suspects and information that allegedly helped foil a terrorist attack on American soil.[48] These claims directly conflict with the reports of the F.B.I. agents who first interrogated Zubaydah. He gave them the names before torture was used, and the third piece of information came from other sources who had been receiving crucial pieces of information from him without the use of harsher techniques,[11][81][82] as well as other government officials.[14][108]

Iraq War (2003)

The Bush administration relied on some of Zubaydah's claims in justifying the invasion of Iraq. U.S. officials stated that the allegations that Iraq and al-Qaeda were linked in the training of people on chemical weapons came from Zubaydah.[126][127][128] The officials noted there was no independent verification of his claims.[126][127]

The U.S. Government included statements made by Zubaydah in regards to al Qaeda's ability to obtain a dirty bomb to show a link between Iraq and al Qaeda.[129] According to a Senate Intelligence Committee report of 2004, Zubaydah said that "he had heard that an important al Qaeda associate, Abu Musab al Zarqawi, and others had good relationships with Iraqi intelligence."[130] But the year before in June 2003, Zubaydah and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed were reported as saying there was no link between Saddam Hussein and al Qaeda.[131][132]

In the Senate Armed Services Committee 2008 report on the abuses of detainees, the Bush administration was described as having applied pressure to interrogators to find a link between Iraq and Al-Qaeda prior to the Iraq War.[133] Major Paul Burney, a psychiatrist with the United States Army, said to the committee, "while we were [at Guantanamo] a large part of the time we were focused on trying to establish a link between Al Qaeda and Iraq and we were not being successful."[133][134] He said that higher-ups were "frustrated" and applied "more and more pressure to resort to measures that might produce more immediate results."[133][134][135]

Colonel Lawrence B. Wilkerson, the former chief of staff for former Secretary of State Colin Powell said:

Likewise, what I have learned is that as the administration authorized harsh interrogation in April and May of 2002—well before the Justice Department had rendered any legal opinion—its principal priority for intelligence was not aimed at pre-empting another terrorist attack on the U.S. but discovering a smoking gun linking Iraq and al-Qa'ida. So furious was this effort that on one particular detainee, even when the interrogation team had reported to Cheney's office that their detainee "was compliant" (meaning the team recommended no more torture), the VP's office ordered them to continue the enhanced methods. The detainee had not revealed any al-Qa'ida-Baghdad contacts yet. This ceased only after Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi, under waterboarding in Egypt, "revealed" such contacts. Of course, later we learned that al-Libi revealed these contacts only to get the torture to stop.[134]

Concerns

In 2004 media coverage of Abu Zubaydah began listing him as a "disappeared" prisoner," claiming he had no access to the International Red Cross.[136] In February 2005, the CIA was reported as uncomfortable keeping Zubaydah in indefinite custody.[137] Less than 18 months later, Zubaydah and the thirteen other high-value detainees who had been in secret CIA custody were transferred to the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.[138]

After his transfer, the CIA denied access to Zubaydah. In 2008, the Office of the Inspector General, Department of Justice, complained that it had been prevented from seeing him, although it was conducting a study of the US treatment of its detainees.[139]

Zubaydah's mental health

Some people are concerned about Zubaydah's mental stability and how that has affected information he has given to interrogators. Ron Suskind noted in his book, The One Percent Doctrine: Deep Inside America's Pursuit of Its Enemies Since 9/11 (2006), that Zubaydah was mentally ill or disabled due to a severe head injury. He described Zubaydah as keeping a diary "in the voice of three people: Hani 1, Hani 2, and Hani 3"—a boy, a young man and a middle-aged alter ego.[18] Zubaydah's diaries spanned ten years and recorded in numbing detail "what he ate, or wore, or trifling things [people] said."[17] Dan Coleman, then the FBI's top al-Qaeda analyst, told a senior bureau official, "This guy is insane, certifiable, split personality."[18] According to Suskind, this judgment was "echoed at the top of CIA and was briefed to the President and Vice President."[18] Coleman stated Zubaydah was a "safehouse keeper" with mental problems, who "claimed to know more about al-Qaeda and its inner workings than he really did."[17]

Joseph Margulies, Zubaydah's co-counsel, wrote in an OpEd in the Los Angeles Times:

Partly as a result of injuries he suffered while he was fighting the communists in Afghanistan, partly as a result of how those injuries were exacerbated by the CIA and partly as a result of his extended isolation, Zubaydah's mental grasp is slipping away. Today, he suffers blinding headaches and has permanent brain damage. He has an excruciating sensitivity to sounds, hearing what others do not. The slightest noise drives him nearly insane. In the last two years alone, he has experienced about 200 seizures. Already, he cannot picture his mother's face or recall his father's name. Gradually, his past, like his future, eludes him.[140]

Legal status

President Bush referred to Zubaydah in a speech to Congress September 2006 requesting a bill to authorize military commissions, following the US Supreme Court ruling in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006) that held the tribunals as formulated by the executive branch were unconstitutional. Congress rapidly passed legislation that was signed by the president.[141]

Less than one month after Zubaydah's capture, Justice Department officials said Zubaydah was "a near-ideal candidate for a tribunal trial."[142] Several months later in 2002, US officials said there was "no rush" to try Zubaydah via military commission.[143]

At his Combatant Status Review Tribunal in 2007, Zubaydah said he was told that the CIA realized he was not significant.

"They told me, 'Sorry, we discover that you are not Number 3, not a partner, not even a fighter,' "said Zubaydah, speaking in broken English, according to the new transcript of a Combatant Status Review Tribunal held at the U.S. military prison in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba."[144]

Abu Zubaydah's lawyers filed a lawsuit in July 2008 challenging his detention at Guantanamo Bay detention camps after the Boumediene v. Bush ruling. As of 2015, the judge overseeing the case, Richard W. Roberts, has failed to rule on any motions related to the case, even the preliminary ones. This has led Zubaydah's lawyers to file motion asking Judge Roberts to recuse himself for "nonfeasance" in January 2015.

The judge's failure to act for nearly seven years may be related to the revelation in the Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture that Zubaydah's CIA interrogators wanted him to "remain in isolation and incommunicado for the remainder of his life."[145]

The U.S. Government has not officially charged Zubaydah with any crimes.[146]

Joint Review Task Force

When he assumed office in January 2009 President Barack Obama made a number of promises about the future of Guantanamo.[147][148][149] He promised the use of torture would cease at the camp. He promised to institute a new review system. That new review system was composed of officials from six departments, where the OARDEC reviews were conducted entirely by the Department of Defense. When it reported back, a year later, the Joint Review Task Force classified some individuals as too dangerous to be transferred from Guantanamo, even though there was no evidence to justify laying charges against them. On April 9, 2013, that document was made public after a Freedom of Information Act request.[150] Zayn al-lbidin Muhammed Husayn was one of the 71 individuals deemed too innocent to charge, but too dangerous to release. Although Obama promised that those deemed too innocent to charge, but too dangerous to release would start to receive reviews from a Periodic Review Board less than a quarter of men have received a review.

European Court of Human Rights decision

On July 24, 2014 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ruled that Poland had violated the European Convention on Human Rights when it cooperated with US allowing the CIA to hold and torture Zubaydah and Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri on its territory in 2002–2003. The court ordered the Polish government to pay each of the men 100,000 euros in damages. It also awarded Zubaydah 30,000 euros to cover his costs.[151][152]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Americas | Profile: Key US terror suspects". BBC News. February 11, 2008. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
  2. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/20/world/20detain.html?_r=0
  3. 1 2 "16 absolutely outrageous abuses detailed in the CIA torture report". Vox.
  4. ↑ "CIA Chief: We Waterboarded". ABC News. February 5, 2008. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
  5. ↑ "Abu Zubaydah's Torture Diary". Andy Worthington. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
  6. ↑ "Headlines for March 30, 2009". Democracy Now!. March 30, 2009. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
  7. ↑ "Do CIA Cables Show Doctors Monitoring Torture?". ProPublica. May 28, 2009. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
  8. ↑ https://news.yahoo.com/european-court-rejects-polish-appeal-cia-jail-case-183203445.html
  9. ↑ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/government-elections-politics/secrets-politics-and-torture/transcript-83/
  10. 1 2 Jason Leopold (May 29, 2012). "EXCLUSIVE: From Hopeful Immigrant to FBI Informant – the Inside Story of the Other Abu Zubaidah". Truthout. Retrieved June 4, 2012. One of ten children born to Palestinian parents in Saudi Arabia, Hesham is five years younger than Hani, and was only 11 or 12 years old when his brother left home for good. He recalls him only as a happy-go-lucky guy, and something of a womanizer. At that time, he insists, there was no hint of religious extremism. Then, Osama bin Rotten got to him.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Mayer, Jane, The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned Into a War on American Ideals, 2008. p. 140
  12. ↑ Christopher Dickey, Securing The City: Inside America's Best Counterterror Force—The NYPD, Simon & Schuster, 2009
  13. ↑ R. Raman (February 14, 2010). "Pune's Past Jihadi Connections". Eurasia Review. Archived from the original on February 14, 2010. Pune as a possible centre for jihadi activities came to notice in March 2002, when Zubaidah, the then No.3 [sic] to Osama bin Laden, was arrested by the Pakistani authorities acting at the instance of the USA's Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), in the house of an activist of the Lashkar-e-Toiba [sic] (LET) at Faislabad in Pakistani Punjab and handed over to the FBI. He is now in the Guantanamo Bay Detention Centre in Cuba. Sections of the Pakistani media had reported at that time that Zubaidah, a Palestinian, had studied computer science in Pune before crossing over into Pakistan and joining Al Qaeda.
  14. 1 2 3 Peter Finn and Joby Warrick, "Detainee's Harsh Treatment Foiled No Plots", The Washington Post, March 29, 2009
  15. 1 2 Colin Freeze (September 12, 2009). "Jailed Arab details ties to tortured Canadians". Globe and Mail. Canada. Archived from the original on September 14, 2009.
  16. 1 2 3 4 "Abu Zubaydah Unclassified Verbatim Combatant Status Review Tribunal Transcript" (PDF). Department of Defense. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 14, 2009.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Dan Eggen and Walter Pincus, "FBI, CIA Debate Significance of Terror Suspect: Agencies Also Disagree On Interrogation Methods", The Washington Post, December 18, 2007
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Ron Suskind, The One Percent Doctrine: Deep Inside America's Pursuit of Its Enemies Since 9/11, Simon & Schuster, 2006
  19. ↑ "Guantanamo Prisoner – Noor Uthman Muhammed Guantanamo Story". Esquire. August 18, 2011. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
  20. 1 2 Khalid Sulaymanjaydh Al Hubayshi Unclassified Verbatim Combatant Status Review Tribunal Transcript, pp. 65–73, Department of Defense Archived June 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  21. 1 2 Noor Uthamn Muhammed Unclassified Verbatim Combatant Status Review Tribunal, p. 15, Department of Defense
  22. ↑ 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, July 22, 2006
  23. 1 2 Brynjar Lia, Architect of Global Jihad: The Life of Al-Qaida Strategist Abu Mus'ab al-Suri pg. 242–243, Columbia University Press, 2008
  24. ↑ "Pak leadership under Sharif offered to try to capture Osama", The Press Trust of India Ltd. Through Asia Pulse, March 28, 2004 (Access My Library Link, requires free membership)
  25. 1 2 David A. Vise and Lorraine Adams, "Bin Laden Weakened, Officials Say", The Washington Post. March 11, 2000 (Highbeam News Database Link, requires free membership)
  26. ↑ "Six Muslim militants sentenced to death for plotting to attack tourists in Jordan", The Independent, September 19, 2000
  27. ↑ Jamal Halaby, "Arabs of Terror Linked to Bin Laden," AP News Online (Highbeam News Database Link, requires free membership)
  28. ↑ "Trainees in Terror", The Seattle Times, Sunday, March 5, 2000
  29. 1 2 "Transcript: Bin Laden determined to Strike in US", CNN.com, April 10, 2004
  30. ↑ Elaine Ganley, "Terror Plot Took Typical Path", AP Online, December 19, 2001 (Highbeam News Database Link, requires free membership)
  31. 1 2 Jay Bybee and John Yoo, "Memorandum for John Rizzo Acting General Counsel of the Central Intelligence Agency: Interrogation of al Qaeda Operative" U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel, August 1, 2002
  32. ↑ Report: Insider May Testitfy On Zubaydah April 2, 2002 (Highbeam News Database Link, requires free membership)
  33. ↑ United States Helsinki Commission Briefing Transcript Political/Congressional Transcript Wire, June 22, 2007 (Access My Library Link, requires free membership)
  34. ↑ Transcript of Video News Story on Guantanamo Bay with Kelli Arena Reporting CNN, September 24, 2006 (Access My Library Link, requires free membership)
  35. ↑ Department of Defense News Briefing April 2, 2002 (Access My Library Link, requires free membership)
  36. ↑ Gerry Gilmore Rumsfeld Confirms Capture of Senior Al Qaeda Leader Department of Defense, April 2, 2002
  37. ↑ Donald Rumsfeld News Transcript Department of Defense, April 3, 2002
  38. ↑ Profile: Abu Zubaydah BBC News, April 2, 2002
  39. ↑ World: United States Western Mail, April 3, 2002
  40. ↑ Remarks by the President at Connecticut Republican Committee Luncheon White House website, April 9, 2002
  41. ↑ George W. Bush's Remarks at the Virginia Military Institute, April 17, 2002
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  43. ↑ George W. Bush Remarks by the President at Thaddeus McCotter for Congress Dinner White House website, October 14, 2002
  44. ↑ The White House’s Perverse Argument: Opinion Watch The Washington Post, February 7, 2008
  45. ↑ Terrorism Notebook. More attacks have been prevented, officials say. The Seattle Times, January 11, 2003
  46. ↑ Massimo Calabresi and Romesh Ratnesar, Can we stop the next attack? CNN News, March 4, 2002
  47. ↑ Who’s Who in al-Qaeda? BBC News
  48. 1 2 George W. Bush September 2006 Speech September 2006
  49. ↑ Bush Concedes CIA Held Suspects in Secret Prisons NPR, September 6, 2006
  50. ↑ Scott Shane, "Divisions Arose on Rough Tactics for Qaeda Figure", The New York Times, April 17, 2009
  51. ↑ "Transcript of Representative John Conyers Jr. Hearing on C.I.A.’s Destruction of Tapes", Political/Congressional Transcript Wire, December 20, 2007 (Access My Library Link, requires free membership)
  52. ↑ Peter Finn and Julie Tate "CIA Mistaken on 'High-Value' Detainee, Document Shows", The Washington Post, June 16, 2009
  53. ↑ "Consortiumnews.com". Retrieved October 6, 2014.
  54. ↑ Zayn al Abidin Muhammad Husayn v. Robert Gates, Respondents Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Opposition to Petitioner's Motion for Discover and Petitioner's Motion for Sanctions. Civil Action No. 08-cv-1360 (RWR) (September 2009).
  55. 1 2 3 Andy Worthington, The Guantanamo Files, Pluto Press, 2007
  56. 1 2 Tim McGirk, "Anatomy of a Raid", TIME Magazine, April 8, 2002
  57. 1 2 John Burns, "A NATION CHALLENGED: THE FUGITIVES, In Pakistan’s Interior, A Troubling Victory in Hunt for Al Qaeda". New York Times, April 14, 2002
  58. 1 2 "Anti-terror raids yield bonanza for U.S. intelligence", The Seattle Times, April 2, 2002
  59. ↑ Arun Kumar, "US imposes sanctions on four Lashkar-e-Toiba leaders" Hindustan Times, May 28, 2008
  60. 1 2 Jane Mayer, The Dark Side, 2008, p.141
  61. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Risen, James. State of War: The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration, 2006
  62. 1 2 Brian Ross, "CIA- Zubaydah: Interview with John Kiriakou: Transcript", ABC News, December 10, 2007
  63. ↑ Shane, Scott (June 22, 2008). "Inside a 9/11 Mastermind's Interrogation". New York Times. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  64. ↑ Soufan, Ali. The Black Banners.
  65. ↑ Dan Froomkin, "Bush’s Exhibit A for Torture", The Washington Post, December 18, 2007
  66. ↑ Dana Priest, "CIA Holds Terror Suspects in Secret Prisons", The Washington Post, November 2, 2005
  67. ↑ "Lawmakers to examine claims Indian Ocean island used in secret prison network", International Herald Tribune, October 19, 2007
  68. 1 2 Dick Marty, "Secret detentions and illegal transfers of detainees involving Council of Europe member states: Second report", Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, June 7, 2007
  69. 1 2 3 Brian Ross and Richard Esposito, "EXCLUSIVE: Sources Tell ABC News Top Al Qaeda Figures Held in Secret CIA Prisons", ABC News, December 5, 2005
  70. ↑ "CIA Shuffled Prisoners Out of Poland", Global Pulse, December 5, 2005
  71. ↑ Jason Burke, "Secret World of U.S. Jails", The Observer, June 13, 2004
  72. 1 2 3 4 5 Enforced Disappearance, Illegal Interstate Transfer, and Other Human Rights Abuses Involving the UK Overseas Territories: Executive Summary, Reprieve
  73. ↑ Jay Bybee, "Rendition Memo", Department of Justice, March 13, 2002
  74. ↑ James Rowley, Bloomberg Report, March 5, 2009
  75. 1 2 3 4 5 Mark Mazzetti, "Bush Aides Linked to Talks on Interrogations", New York Times, September 24, 2008
  76. 1 2 "Bush aware of advisers’ interrogation talks", ABC News, April 11, 2008
  77. 1 2 3 Joby Warrick and Dan Eggen, "Hill Briefed on Waterboarding in 2002", The Washington Post, December 9, 2007
  78. ↑ "As Bush Adviser, Rice Gave OK to Waterboard", Fox News, April 22, 2009
  79. 1 2 Senate Report: Rice, Cheney OK'd CIA use of waterboarding, CNN, April 23, 2009
  80. ↑ Jason Leopold, "Cheney Admits He 'Signed Off' on Waterboarding of Three Guantanamo Prisoners", Atlantic Free Press, December 29, 2008
  81. 1 2 3 4 Ali Soufan, "My Tortured Decision", New York Times, April 22, 2009
  82. 1 2 3 Michael Isikoff "We Could Have Done This the Right Way", Newsweek, April 25, 2009
  83. 1 2 "Congressional Testimony of Ali Soufan, May 13, 2009", Congressional Testimony, May 13, 2009
  84. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Report on the Treatment of Fourteen "High Value Detainees" in CIA Custody, International Committee of the Red Cross, February 2007
  85. 1 2 3 4 Previously Secret Torture Memo Released CNN.com, July 24, 2008
  86. 1 2 C.I.A. Interrogations. New York Times, April 28, 2009
  87. ↑ Joby Warrick and Peter Finn, "Harsh Tactics Readied Before Their Approval", The Washington Post, April 22, 2009
  88. ↑ Alex Koppelman, "Ashcroft suggests CIA sought legal approval after torture began", Salon, July 17, 2008
  89. ↑ David Johnston and James Risen "The Reach Of War: The Interrogations; Aides Say Memo Backed Coercion Already In Use", New York Times, June 27, 2004
  90. ↑ Jason Leopold DOJ Report Says Yoo's Torture Memo Failed To Cite Supreme Court Case, The Public Record, February 22, 2009
  91. ↑ Hilary Andersson, "Did America break its torture law?", BBC Panorama, July 13, 2009
  92. ↑ "US 'waterboarding' row rekindled", BBC, July 13, 2009
  93. 1 2 3 Walter Pincus, "Waterboarding Historically Controversial", The Washington Post, October 5, 2006
  94. 1 2 Amy Goodman, "'The Dark Side': Jane Mayer on the Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned Into a War on American Ideals, Interview Transcript", Democracy Now, July 18, 2008
  95. ↑ David Johnston, "At a Secret Interrogation, Dispute Flared Over Tactics". New York Times, September 10, 2006
  96. ↑ Scott Shane, "Book Cites Secret Red Cross Report of CIA Torture of Qaeda Captives", New York Times, July 11, 2008
  97. ↑ Jane Meyer, "The Black Sites: A rare look inside CIA’s secret interrogation program", The New Yorker, August 13, 2007
  98. ↑ Scott Horton, "Six Questions for Jane Meyer, Author of 'The Dark Side'", Harper's Magazine, July 14, 2008
  99. 1 2 Paul Koring "New book slams Bush’s black ops", Globe and Mail, January 4, 2006
  100. ↑ "United States’ "Disappeared" CIA Long-term "Ghost Detainees'", Human Rights Watch, October 2004
  101. ↑ "Impunity for the Architects of Illegal Policy", Human Rights Watch, 2005
  102. ↑ Serrin Turner and Stephen J. Schullhoffer The Secrecy Problem in Terrorism Trials, Brennan Center for Justice 2005
  103. ↑ Eun Young Choi, "Veritas, Not Vengeance: An Examination of the Evidentiary Rules for Military Commissions in the War Against Terrorism"], 42 Harvard Civil Rights Civil Liberties Law Review, 2007
  104. ↑ Charles H. Brower II, "The Lives of Animals, the Lives of Prisoners, and the Revelations of Abu Ghraib"], 37 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 2004
  105. ↑ A. John Radsan, "Symposium on Reexamining the Law of War: The Collision Between Common Article Three and The Central Intelligence Agency"] 56 Catholic University Law Review, 2007
  106. ↑ Tommy Harnden "Gloves off, the screws go on 9/11 suspect", The Age, March 6, 2003
  107. ↑ Raymond Bonner, Don Van Natta Jr, and Amy Waldman, "THREATS AND RESPONSES: INTERROGATIONS; Questioning Terror Suspects In a Dark and Surreal World", New York Times, March 9, 2003
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  109. ↑ Lauer Stirs Scandal Over How Water Boarding Saved Lives, Media Research Center, December 12, 2007
  110. ↑ Ex-CIA Agent: Waterboarding ‘Saved Lives’ CNNPolitics.com, December 11, 2007
  111. ↑ Liam Stack, "Is waterboarding effective? CIA did it 266 times on two prisoners", Christian Science Monitor, April 20, 2009
  112. ↑ Richard Esposito & Brian Ross, "Coming in From the Cold: CIA Spy Calls Waterboarding Necessary But Torture", ABC News, December 10, 2007
  113. ↑ Brian Stetler, "How '07 Interview Tilted Torture Debate", The New York Times, April 27, 2009
  114. 1 2 3 4 Steven Bradbury, "Memorandum for John A. Rizzo, Senior Deputy General Counsel, Central Intelligence Agency Re: Application of United States Obligations Under Article 16 of the Convention Against Torture to Certain Techniques that May Be Used in the Interrogation of High Value al Qaeda Detainees", Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel, May 30, 2005
  115. ↑ Michael Scherer and Bobby Ghosh How Waterboarding Got Out of Control Time Magazine, April 20, 2009
  116. ↑ Shane, Scott (April 19, 2009). "Waterboarding Used 266 Times on 2 Suspects". New York Times. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
  117. ↑ Taking on Torture Los Angeles Times, April 27, 2009
  118. ↑ Jeff Stein (January 26, 2010). "CIA Man Retracts Claim on Waterboarding; A study in "enhanced reporting techniques". Foreign Policy.
  119. ↑ Matt Apuzzo, Adam Goldman (August 7, 2010). "AP Exclusive: CIA flight carried secret from Gitmo". Associated Press. Archived from the original on August 7, 2010.
  120. ↑ Mark Mazzetti and David Johnston Inquiry Begins Into Destruction of Tapes. New York Times, December 9, 2007
  121. ↑ Mark Benjamin, "Soufan: CIA torture actually hindered our intelligence gathering", Salon, May 14, 2009
  122. ↑ Transcript for THE SITUATION ROOM with Wolf Blitzer CNN, June 20, 2006
  123. ↑ George Tenet, At the Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA, HarperCollins, 2007
  124. ↑ Alleged 9-11 Mastermind Nabbed CBS News, March 1, 2003
  125. ↑ NEWS SUMMARY: Arrest May Deter Attacks. New York Times, April 4, 2002
  126. 1 2 Ron Hutcheson and James Kuhnhenn, "Iraq deal with Congress nears, Bush says", Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, September 26, 2002
  127. 1 2 "Bush Says He and Congress Will Band Together on Iraq; Capitol Hill Still Sour", Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News, September 27, 2002 (Access My Library Link, requires free membership)
  128. ↑ Andrew Sullivan, "One tortured lie: that's all it took for war", The Sunday Times, April 26, 2009
  129. ↑ Fritz Umbach, "Bush’s bogus document dump", Salon, April 13, 2006
  130. ↑ Stephen F. Hayes, "The Rice Stuff?", The Daily Standard, October 20, 2004
  131. ↑ John Diamond and Bill Nichols "CIA in spotlight over reports leading to war", June 8, 2003
  132. ↑ James Risen, "THREATS AND RESPONSES: C.I.A.; Captives Deny Qaeda Worked With Baghdad", The New York Times, June 9, 2003
  133. 1 2 3 Frank Rich, "The Banality of Bush White House Evil", The New York Times, April 25, 2009
  134. 1 2 3 Senate Armed Services Committee, Inquiry Into the Treatment of Detainees in U.S. Custody, Senate Armed Services Committee, November 20, 2008
  135. ↑ Ed Brayton, "The Lies on Torture Just Keep Coming", Science Blogs, May 4, 2009
  136. ↑ Reed Brody Prisoners who disappear. International Herald Tribune, October 12, 2004
  137. ↑ Douglas Jehl, David Johnston, and Neil A. Lewis "CIA called uncomfortable with role on war prisoners Holding terror suspects raises concerns", International Herald Tribune, February 16, 2005
  138. ↑ Barton Gellman, "The Shadow War, In a Surprising New Light", Washington Post, June 20, 2006, accessed January 20, 2013
  139. ↑ Emma Schwartz, "Justice Dept. Inspector General Claims CIA Hampered its Investigation", U.S. News & World Report, May 20, 2008
  140. ↑ Joseph Margulies, "Abu Zubaydah's suffering", Los Angeles Times, April 30, 2009
  141. ↑ Warren Richey, "‘Alternative’ CIA tactics complicate Padilla case", Christian Science Monitor, September 15, 2006
  142. ↑ Neail A. Lewis A NATION CHALLENGED: THE DETAINEES; U.S. Is Seeking Basis to Charge War Detainees. New York Times, April 21, 2002
  143. ↑ Frank Davies, "U.S. readies tribunals for terrorism trials", The Miami Herald, December 26, 2002
  144. ↑ Peter Finn and Julie Tate, "CIA Says It Misjudged Role of High-Value Detainee Abu Zubaidah, Transcript Shows", Washington Post, 16 June 2009, accessed 21 January 2013
  145. ↑ Staff (May 12, 2015). "'Incommunicado' Forever: #Gitmo Detainee's Case Stalled For 2,477 Days And Counting". North Denver News. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  146. ↑ Department of Defense Military Commissions Cases Website, April 30, 2009
  147. ↑ Peter Finn (January 22, 2010). "Justice task force recommends about 50 Guantanamo detainees be held indefinitely". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2015-05-19. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
  148. ↑ Peter Finn (May 29, 2010). "Most Guantanamo detainees low-level fighters, task force report says". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2015-05-19. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
  149. ↑ Andy Worthington (June 11, 2010). "Does Obama Really Know or Care About Who Is at Guantánamo?". Archived from the original on 2010-06-16. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
  150. ↑ "71 Guantanamo Detainees Determined Eligible to Receive a Periodic Review Board as of April 19, 2013". Joint Review Task Force. 2013-04-09. Archived from the original on 2015-05-19. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  151. ↑ "Poland 'helped in CIA rendition', European Court rules". BBC News. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
  152. ↑ Gabriele Steinhauser and Jess Bravin (July 25, 2014). "European Court Assails Poland Over Role in CIA 'Black Sites'". WSJ.

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