48th United States Congress

48th United States Congress

47th ← → 49th United States Capitol (1906) Duration: March 4, 1883 – March 4, 1885 Senate President: Vacant Senate Pres. pro tem: George F. Edmunds (R) House Speaker: John G. Carlisle (D) Members: 76 Senators 325 Representatives 8 Non-voting members Senate Majority: Republican House Majority: Democratic Sessions 1st: December 3, 1883 – July 7, 1884 2nd: December 1, 1884 – March 3, 1885

The Forty-eighth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1883 to March 4, 1885, during the last two years of the administration of U.S. President Chester A. Arthur. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Tenth Census of the United States in 1880. The Senate had a Republican majority, and the House had a Democratic majority.

Major events

Washington Monument (seen here in 2006) was completed December 6, 1884.

• September 5, 1883: Mary F. Hoyt became the first woman appointed to the U.S. federal civil service (and the second person appointed by examination (in which she came top) instituted under the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act) when she became a clerk in the Bank Redemption Agency of the Department of the Treasury.
• October 15, 1883: The Supreme Court of the United States declared part of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional, as the Court allowed private individuals and corporations to discriminate based on race.
• November 18, 1883: U.S. and Canadian railroads instituted 5 standard continental time zones, ending the confusion of thousands of local times.
• August 10, 1884: An earthquake measuring 5.5 M_fa (based on the felt area) affected a very large portion of the eastern United States. The shock had a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong). Chimneys were toppled in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. Property damage was severe in Jamaica and Amityville in New York.
• October 6, 1884: The United States Naval War College was established in Newport, Rhode Island.
• October 22, 1884: International Meridian Conference in Washington, D.C. fixed the Greenwich meridian as the world's prime meridian.
• November 4, 1884: United States presidential election, 1884: Democratic Governor of New York Grover Cleveland defeated Republican James G. Blaine in a very close contest to win the first of his non-consecutive terms.
• December 6: 1884: The Washington Monument was completed.

Major legislation

Territories organized

• May 17, 1884: District of Alaska was organized.

Party summary

The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, when they were first seated. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.

Senate

House of Representatives

House seats by party holding plurality in state
80.1-100% Democratic	80.1-100% Republican
60.1-80% Democratic	60.1-80% Republican
Up to 60% Democratic	Up to 60% Republican

• Democratic: 196 (majority)
• Republican: 117
• Readjuster: 4
• National Greenback: 2
• Independent: 2
• Independent Democratic: 3
• Independent Republican: 1

TOTAL members: 325

Leadership

Senate

• President: Vacant. Chester Arthur (R), the most recent Senate President, had become U.S. President on the death of his predecessor September 19, 1881, leaving the office vacant through the end of this Congress.
• President pro tempore: George F. Edmunds (R)

House of Representatives

• Speaker: John G. Carlisle (D)

Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state.

Skip to House of Representatives, below

Senate

Senators are listed by their states and Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election.

Alabama 2. John T. Morgan (D) 3. James L. Pugh (D) Arkansas 2. Augustus H. Garland (D) 3. James D. Walker (D) California 1. John F. Miller (R) 3. James T. Farley (D) Colorado 2. Thomas M. Bowen (R) 3. Nathaniel P. Hill (R) Connecticut 1. Joseph R. Hawley (R) 3. Orville H. Platt (R) Delaware 1. Thomas F. Bayard, Sr. (D) 2. Eli M. Saulsbury (D) Florida 1. Charles W. Jones (D) 3. Wilkinson Call (D) Georgia 2. Alfred H. Colquitt (D) 3. Joseph E. Brown (D) Illinois 2. Shelby M. Cullom (R) 3. John A. Logan (R) Indiana 1. Benjamin Harrison (R) 3. Daniel W. Voorhees (D) Iowa 2. James F. Wilson (R) 3. William B. Allison (R) Kansas 2. Preston B. Plumb (R) 3. John J. Ingalls (R) Kentucky 2. James B. Beck (D) 3. John S. Williams (D) Louisiana 2. Randall L. Gibson (D) 3. Benjamin F. Jonas (D) Maine 1. Eugene Hale (R) 2. William P. Frye (R) Maryland 1. Arthur Pue Gorman (D) 3. James B. Groome (D) Massachusetts 1. Henry L. Dawes (R) 2. George F. Hoar (R) Michigan 1. Omar D. Conger (R) 2. Thomas W. Palmer (R) Minnesota 1. Samuel J. R. McMillan (R) 2. Dwight M. Sabin (R)

Mississippi 1. James Z. George (D) 2. Lucius Q. C. Lamar (D) Missouri 1. Francis M. Cockrell (D) 3. George G. Vest (D) Nebraska 1. Charles H. Van Wyck (R) 2. Charles F. Manderson (R) Nevada 1. James G. Fair (D) 3. John P. Jones (R) New Hampshire 2. Austin F. Pike (R), from August 2, 1883 3. Henry W. Blair (R) New Jersey 1. William J. Sewell (R) 2. John R. McPherson (D) New York 1. Warner Miller (R) 3. Elbridge G. Lapham (R) North Carolina 2. Matt W. Ransom (D) 3. Zebulon B. Vance (D) Ohio 1. John Sherman (R) 3. George H. Pendleton (D) Oregon 2. Joseph N. Dolph (R) 3. James H. Slater (D) Pennsylvania 1. John I. Mitchell (R) 3. J. Donald Cameron (R) Rhode Island 1. Nelson W. Aldrich (R) 2. Henry B. Anthony (R), until September 2, 1884 William P. Sheffield (R), November 19, 1884 - January 20, 1885 Jonathan Chace (R), from January 20, 1885 South Carolina 2. Matthew C. Butler (D) 3. Wade Hampton, III (D) Tennessee 1. Howell E. Jackson (D) 2. Isham G. Harris (D) Texas 1. Samuel B. Maxey (D) 2. Richard Coke (D) Vermont 1. George F. Edmunds (R) 3. Justin S. Morrill (R) Virginia 1. William Mahone (RA) 2. Harrison H. Riddleberger (RA) West Virginia 1. Johnson N. Camden (D) 2. John E. Kenna (D) Wisconsin 1. Philetus Sawyer (R) 3. Angus Cameron (R)

President pro tempore George F. Edmunds

House of Representatives

Members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.

Alabama 1. Thomas H. Herndon (D), until March 28, 1883 James T. Jones (D), from December 3, 1883 2. Hilary A. Herbert (D) 3. William C. Oates (D) 4. Charles M. Shelley (D), until January 9, 1885 George H. Craig (R), from January 9, 1885 5. Thomas Williams (D) 6. Goldsmith W. Hewitt (D) 7. William H. Forney (D) 8. Luke Pryor (D) Arkansas 1. Poindexter Dunn (D) 2. James K. Jones (D), until February 19, 1885 3. John H. Rogers (D) 4. Samuel W. Peel (D) At-large. Clifton R. Breckinridge (D) California 1. William S. Rosecrans (D) 2. James H. Budd (D) 3. Barclay Henley (D) 4. Pleasant B. Tully (D) At-large. John R. Glascock (D) At-large. Charles A. Sumner (D) Colorado At-large. James B. Belford (R) Connecticut 1. William W. Eaton (D) 2. Charles L. Mitchell (D) 3. John T. Wait (R) 4. Edward W. Seymour (D) Delaware At-large. Charles B. Lore (D) Florida 1. Robert H. M. Davidson (D) 2. Horatio Bisbee, Jr. (R) Georgia 1. John C. Nicholls (D) 2. Henry G. Turner (D) 3. Charles F. Crisp (D) 4. Hugh Buchanan (D) 5. Nathaniel J. Hammond (D) 6. James H. Blount (D) 7. Judson C. Clements (D) 8. Seaborn Reese (D) 9. Allen D. Candler (D) At-large. Thomas Hardeman, Jr. (D) Illinois 1. Ransom W. Dunham (R) 2. John F. Finerty (ID) 3. George R. Davis (R) 4. George E. Adams (R) 5. Reuben Ellwood (R) 6. Robert R. Hitt (R) 7. Thomas J. Henderson (R) 8. William Cullen (R) 9. Lewis E. Payson (R) 10. Nicholas E. Worthington (D) 11. William H. Neece (D) 12. James M. Riggs (D) 13. William M. Springer (D) 14. Jonathan H. Rowell (R) 15. Joseph G. Cannon (R) 16. Aaron Shaw (D) 17. Samuel W. Moulton (D) 18. William R. Morrison (D) 19. Richard W. Townshend (D) 20. John R. Thomas (R) Indiana 1. John J. Kleiner (D) 2. Thomas R. Cobb (D) 3. Strother M. Stockslager (D) 4. William S. Holman (D) 5. Courtland C. Matson (D) 6. Thomas M. Browne (R) 7. Stanton J. Peelle (R), until May 22, 1884 William E. English (D), from May 22, 1884 8. John E. Lamb (D) 9. Thomas B. Ward (D) 10. Thomas J. Wood (D) 11. George W. Steele (R) 12. Robert Lowry (D) 13. William H. Calkins (R), until October 20, 1884 Benjamin F. Shively (AM), from December 1, 1884 Iowa 1. Moses A. McCoid (R) 2. Jeremiah H. Murphy (D) 3. David B. Henderson (R) 4. Luman H. Weller (NG) 5. James Wilson (R), until March 3, 1885 Benjamin T. Frederick (D), from March 3, 1885 6. Marsena E. Cutts (R), until March 3, 1885 John C. Cook (D), from March 3, 1885 7. John A. Kasson (R), until July 13, 1884 Hiram Y. Smith (R), from December 2, 1884 8. William P. Hepburn (R) 9. William H. M. Pusey (D) 10. Adoniram J. Holmes (R) 11. Isaac S. Struble (R) Kansas 1. John A. Anderson (R) 2. Dudley C. Haskell (R), until December 16, 1883 Edward H. Funston (R), from March 21, 1884 3. Thomas Ryan (R) At-large. Lewis Hanback (R) At-large. Edmund N. Morrill (R) At-large. Bishop W. Perkins (R) At-large. Samuel R. Peters (R) Kentucky 1. Oscar Turner (ID) 2. James F. Clay (D) 3. John E. Halsell (D) 4. Thomas A. Robertson (D) 5. Albert S. Willis (D) 6. John G. Carlisle (D) 7. Joseph C. S. Blackburn (D) 8. Philip B. Thompson, Jr. (D) 9. William W. Culbertson (R) 10. John D. White (R) 11. Frank L. Wolford (D) Louisiana 1. Carleton Hunt (D) 2. E. John Ellis (D) 3. William Pitt Kellogg (R) 4. Newton C. Blanchard (D) 5. J. Floyd King (D) 6. Edward T. Lewis (D) Maine At-large. Charles A. Boutelle (R) At-large. Nelson Dingley, Jr. (R) At-large. Seth L. Milliken (R) At-large. Thomas B. Reed (R) Maryland 1. George W. Covington (D) 2. J. Frederick C. Talbott (D) 3. Fetter S. Hoblitzell (D) 4. John V. L. Findlay (D) 5. Hart B. Holton (R) 6. Louis E. McComas (R) Massachusetts 1. Robert T. Davis (R) 2. John D. Long (R) 3. Ambrose A. Ranney (R) 4. Patrick A. Collins (D) 5. Leopold Morse (D) 6. Henry B. Lovering (D) 7. Eben F. Stone (R) 8. William A. Russell (R) 9. Theodore Lyman (IR) 10. William W. Rice (R) 11. William Whiting (R) 12. George D. Robinson (R), until January 7, 1884 Francis W. Rockwell (R), from January 17, 1884 Michigan 1. William C. Maybury (D) 2. Nathaniel B. Eldredge (D) 3. Edward S. Lacey (R) 4. George L. Yaple (D) 5. Julius Houseman (D) 6. Edwin B. Winans (D) 7. Ezra C. Carleton (D) 8. Roswell G. Horr (R) 9. Byron M. Cutcheon (R) 10. Herschel H. Hatch (R) 11. Edward Breitung (R) Minnesota 1. Milo White (R) 2. James B. Wakefield (R) 3. Horace B. Strait (R) 4. William D. Washburn (R) 5. Knute Nelson (R) Mississippi 1. Henry L. Muldrow (D) 2. James R. Chalmers (I), from June 25, 1884 3. Elza Jeffords (R) 4. Hernando D. Money (D) 5. Otho R. Singleton (D) 6. Henry S. Van Eaton (D) 7. Ethelbert Barksdale (D) Missouri 1. William H. Hatch (D) 2. Armstead M. Alexander (D) 3. Alexander M. Dockery (D) 4. James N. Burnes (D) 5. Alexander Graves (D) 6. John Cosgrove (D) 7. Aylett H. Buckner (D) 8. John J. O'Neill (D) 9. James O. Broadhead (D) 10. Martin L. Clardy (D) 11. Richard P. Bland (D) 12. Charles H. Morgan (D) 13. Robert W. Fyan (D) 14. Lowndes H. Davis (D)

Nebraska 1. Archibald J. Weaver (R) 2. James Laird (R) 3. Edward K. Valentine (R) Nevada At-large. George W. Cassidy (D) New Hampshire 1. Martin A. Haynes (R) 2. Ossian Ray (R) New Jersey 1. Thomas M. Ferrell (D) 2. J. Hart Brewer (R) 3. John Kean, Jr. (R) 4. Benjamin F. Howey (R) 5. William W. Phelps (R) 6. William H. F. Fiedler (D) 7. William McAdoo (D) New York 1. Perry Belmont (D) 2. William E. Robinson (D) 3. Darwin R. James (R) 4. Felix Campbell (D) 5. Nicholas Muller (D) 6. Samuel S. Cox (D) 7. William Dorsheimer (D) 8. John J. Adams (D) 9. John Hardy (D) 10. Abram S. Hewitt (D) 11. Orlando B. Potter (D) 12. Waldo Hutchins (D) 13. John H. Ketcham (R) 14. Lewis Beach (D) 15. John H. Bagley, Jr. (D) 16. Thomas J. Van Alstyne (D) 17. Henry G. Burleigh (R) 18. Frederick A. Johnson (R) 19. Abraham X. Parker (R) 20. Edward Wemple (D) 21. George W. Ray (R) 22. Charles R. Skinner (R) 23. John T. Spriggs (D) 24. Newton W. Nutting (R) 25. Frank Hiscock (R) 26. Sereno E. Payne (R) 27. James W. Wadsworth (R) 28. Stephen C. Millard (R) 29. John Arnot, Jr. (D) 30. Halbert S. Greenleaf (D) 31. Robert S. Stevens (D) 32. William F. Rogers (D) 33. Francis B. Brewer (R) At-large. Henry W. Slocum (D) North Carolina 1. Walter F. Pool (R), until August 25, 1883 Thomas G. Skinner (D), from November 20, 1883 2. James E. O'Hara (R) 3. Wharton J. Green (D) 4. William Ruffin Cox (D) 5. Alfred M. Scales (D), until December 30, 1884 James W. Reid (D), from January 28, 1885 6. Clement Dowd (D) 7. Tyre York (ID) 8. Robert B. Vance (D) At-large. Risden T. Bennett (D) Ohio 1. John F. Follett (D) 2. Isaac M. Jordan (D) 3. Robert M. Murray (D) 4. Benjamin Le Fevre (D) 5. George E. Seney (D) 6. William D. Hill (D) 7. Henry L. Morey (R), until June 20, 1884 James E. Campbell (D), from June 20, 1884 8. J. Warren Keifer (R) 9. James S. Robinson (R), until January 12, 1885 10. Frank H. Hurd (D) 11. John W. McCormick (R) 12. Alphonso Hart (R) 13. George L. Converse (D) 14. George W. Geddes (D) 15. Adoniram J. Warner (D) 16. Beriah Wilkins (D) 17. Joseph D. Taylor (R) 18. William McKinley (R), until May 27, 1884 Jonathan H. Wallace (D), from May 27, 1884 19. Ezra B. Taylor (R) 20. David R. Paige (D) 21. Martin A. Foran (D) Oregon At-large. Melvin C. George (R) Pennsylvania 1. Henry H. Bingham (R) 2. Charles O'Neill (R) 3. Samuel J. Randall (D) 4. William D. Kelley (R) 5. Alfred C. Harmer (R) 6. James B. Everhart (R) 7. I. Newton Evans (R) 8. Daniel Ermentrout (D) 9. A. Herr Smith (R) 10. William Mutchler (D) 11. John B. Storm (D) 12. Daniel W. Connolly (D) 13. Charles N. Brumm (GB) 14. Samuel F. Barr (R) 15. George A. Post (D) 16. William W. Brown (R) 17. Jacob M. Campbell (R) 18. Louis E. Atkinson (R) 19. William A. Duncan (D), until November 14, 1884 John A. Swope (D), from December 23, 1884 20. Andrew G. Curtin (D) 21. Charles E. Boyle (D) 22. James H. Hopkins (D) 23. Thomas M. Bayne (R) 24. George V. Lawrence (R) 25. John D. Patton (D) 26. Samuel H. Miller (R) 27. Samuel M. Brainerd (R) At-large. Mortimer F. Elliott (D) Rhode Island 1. Henry J. Spooner (R) 2. Jonathan Chace (R), until January 26, 1885 Nathan F. Dixon, III (R), from February 12, 1885 South Carolina 1. Samuel Dibble (D) 2. George D. Tillman (D) 3. D. Wyatt Aiken (D) 4. John H. Evins (D), until October 20, 1884 John Bratton (D), from December 8, 1884 5. John J. Hemphill (D) 6. George W. Dargan (D) 7. Edmund W. M. Mackey (R), until January 27, 1884 Robert Smalls (R), from March 18, 1884 Tennessee 1. Augustus H. Pettibone (R) 2. Leonidas C. Houk (R) 3. George G. Dibrell (D) 4. Benton McMillin (D) 5. Richard Warner (D) 6. Andrew J. Caldwell (D) 7. John G. Ballentine (D) 8. John M. Taylor (D) 9. Rice A. Pierce (D) 10. H. Casey Young (D) Texas 1. Charles Stewart (D) 2. John H. Reagan (D) 3. James H. Jones (D) 4. David B. Culberson (D) 5. James W. Throckmorton (D) 6. Olin Wellborn (D) 7. Thomas P. Ochiltree (I) 8. James F. Miller (D) 9. Roger Q. Mills (D) 10. John Hancock (D) 11. Samuel W. T. Lanham (D) Vermont 1. John W. Stewart (R) 2. Luke P. Poland (R) Virginia 1. Robert M. Mayo (RA), until March 20, 1884 George T. Garrison (D), from March 20, 1884 2. Harry Libbey (RA) 3. George D. Wise (D) 4. Benjamin S. Hooper (RA) 5. George C. Cabell (D) 6. John R. Tucker (D) 7. John Paul (D), until September 5, 1883 Charles T. O'Ferrall (D), from May 5, 1884 8. John S. Barbour, Jr. (D) 9. Henry Bowen (RA) At-large. John S. Wise (RA) West Virginia 1. Nathan Goff (R) 2. William L. Wilson (D) 3. John E. Kenna (D), until March 4, 1883 Charles P. Snyder (D), from May 15, 1883 4. Eustace Gibson (D) Wisconsin 1. John Winans (D) 2. Daniel H. Sumner (D) 3. Burr W. Jones (D) 4. Peter V. Deuster (D) 5. Joseph Rankin (D) 6. Richard W. Guenther (R) 7. Gilbert M. Woodward (D) 8. William T. Price (R) 9. Isaac Stephenson (R) Non-voting members Arizona Territory. Granville H. Oury (D) Dakota Territory. John B. Raymond (R) Idaho Territory. Theodore F. Singiser (R) Montana Territory. Martin Maginnis (D) New Mexico Territory. Tranqulino Luna (R), until March 5, 1884 Francisco A. Manzanares (D), from March 5, 1884 Utah Territory. John T. Caine (D) Washington Territory. Thomas H. Brents (R) Wyoming Territory. Morton E. Post (D)

Speaker of the House John G. Carlisle

Changes in membership

The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.

Senate

• replacements: 1
  • Democratic: no net change
  • Republican: 1 seat net gain
  • Liberal Republican: 1 seat net loss
• Deaths: 1
• Resignations: 0
• Interim appointment: 1
• Late election: 1
• Total seats with changes: 3

House of Representatives

• replacements: 15
  • Democratic: 1 seat net gain
  • Republican: 1 seat net loss
  • National Greenback: 1 seat net gain
• deaths: 9
• resignations: 9
• contested election: 8
• Total seats with changes: 25

Committees

Lists of committees and their party leaders.

Senate

• Additional Accommodations for the Library of Congress (Select)
• Agriculture
• Appropriations
• Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate
• Civil Service and Retrenchment
• Claims
• Commerce
• Distributing Public Revenue Among the States (Select)
• District of Columbia
• Education and Labor
• Engrossed Bills
• Enrolled Bills
• Epidemic Diseases (Select)
• Examine the Several Branches in the Civil Service (Select)
• Expenditures of Public Money
• Finance
• Fisheries
• Foreign Relations
• Indian Affairs
• Judiciary
• Library
• Manufactures
• Military Affairs
• Mines and Mining
• Mississippi River and its Tributaries (Select)
• Naval Affairs
• Nicaraguan Claims (Select)
• Ordnance and War Ships (Select)
• Patents
• Pensions
• Post Office and Post Roads
• Potomac River Front (Select)
• Printing
• Private Land Claims
• Privileges and Elections
• Public Buildings and Grounds
• Public Lands
• Railroads
• Revision of the Laws
• Revolutionary Claims
• Rules
• Sioux and Crow Indians (Select)
• Steel Producing Capacity of the United States (Select)
• Tariff Regulation (Select)
• Tenth Census (Select)
• Territories
• Transportation Routes to the Seaboard
• Whole
• Woman Suffrage (Select)

House of Representatives

• Accounts
• Agriculture
• Alcoholic Liquor Traffic (Select)
• American Ship building (Select)
• Appropriations
• Banking and Currency
• Boynton Investigation (Select)
• Claims
• Coinage, Weights and Measures
• Commerce
• District of Columbia
• Education
• Elections
• Enrolled Bills
• Expenditures in the Interior Department
• Expenditures in the Justice Department
• Expenditures in the Navy Department
• Expenditures in the Post Office Department
• Expenditures in the State Department
• Expenditures in the Treasury Department
• Expenditures in the War Department
• Expenditures on Public Buildings
• Foreign Affairs
• Indian Affairs
• Invalid Pensions
• Labor
• Levees and Improvements of the Mississippi River
• Manufactures
• Mileage
• Military Affairs
• Militia
• Mines and Mining
• Naval Affairs
• Pacific Railroads
• Patents
• Pensions
• Post Office and Post Roads
• Public Buildings and Grounds
• Public Lands
• Railways and Canals
• Revision of Laws
• Rivers and Harbors
• Rules
• Standards of Official Conduct
• Territories
• War Claims
• Ways and Means
• Whole

Joint committees

• Conditions of Indian Tribes (Special)
• Scientific Bureaus

Employees

• Architect of the Capitol: Edward Clark
• Librarian of Congress: Ainsworth Rand Spofford
• Public Printer of the United States: Sterling P. Rounds

Senate

• Chaplain: Elias D. Huntley (Methodist)
• Secretary: Francis E. Shober (Acting), to December 18, 1883
  • Anson G. McCook, from December 18, 1883
• Sergeant at Arms: Richard J. Bright, to December 18, 1883
  • William P. Canady, from December 18, 1883

House of Representatives

• Chaplain: John S. Lindsay (Episcopalian)
• Clerk: John B. Clark, Jr.
• Clerk at the Speaker’s Table: Nathaniel T. Crutchfield
• Doorkeeper: James G. Wintersmith
• Postmaster: Lycurgus Dalton
• Sergeant at Arms: John P. Leedom

See also

• United States elections, 1882 (elections leading to this Congress)
  • United States Senate elections, 1882
  • United States House of Representatives elections, 1882
• United States elections, 1884 (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
  • United States presidential election, 1884
  • United States Senate elections, 1884
  • United States House of Representatives elections, 1884

References

• Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. 
• Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. 

External links

• Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
• U.S. House of Representatives: House History
• U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists

• Congressional Directory for the 48th Congress, 1st Session. 
• Congressional Directory for the 48th Congress, 1st Session (Revision). 
• Congressional Directory for the 48th Congress, 2nd Session. 
• Congressional Directory for the 48th Congress, 2nd Session (Revision).