2008 TC3

2008 TC₃ (Catalina Sky Survey temporary designation 8TA9D69) was an 80 metric tons (80 long tons; 90 short tons), 4.1 meters (13 ft) diameter asteroid^[2] that entered Earth's atmosphere on October 7, 2008.^[3] It exploded at an estimated 37 kilometers (23 mi) above the Nubian Desert in Sudan. Some 600 meteorites, weighing a total of 10.5 kilograms (23.1 lb), were recovered; many of these belonged to a rare type known as ureilites, which contain, among other minerals, nanodiamonds.^[2][4][5]

It was the first time that an asteroid impact had been predicted prior to its entry into the atmosphere as a meteor.^[6]

Discovery

An animation of 2008 TC3's excited rotation prior to entering the atmosphere.

The asteroid was discovered by Richard A. Kowalski at the Catalina Sky Survey (CSS) 1.5-meter telescope at Mount Lemmon, north of Tucson, Arizona, US, on October 6, 06:39 UTC, 19 hours before the impact.^[7][8][9]

It was notable as the first such body to be observed and tracked prior to reaching Earth.^[6] The process of detecting and tracking a near-Earth object, an effort sometimes referred to as Spaceguard, was put to the test. In total, 586 astrometric and almost as many photometric observations were performed by 27 amateur and professional observers in less than 19 hours and reported to the Minor Planet Center, which issued 25 Minor Planet Electronic Circulars with new orbit solutions in eleven hours as observations poured in. On October 7, 01:49 UTC,^[9] the asteroid entered the shadow of the Earth, which made further observations impossible.

Impact predictions were performed by University of Pisa's CLOMON 2 semi-automatic monitoring system^[10][11] as well as Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Sentry system. Spectral observations that were performed by astronomers at the 4.2-meter William Herschel Telescope at La Palma, Canary Islands are consistent with either a C-type or M-type asteroid.

Entry

Meteosat 8/EUMETSAT infrared image of the explosion

The meteor entered Earth's atmosphere above northern Sudan at 02:46 UTC (05:46 local time) on October 7, 2008 with a velocity of 12.8 kilometers per second (29,000 mph) at an azimuth of 281 degrees and an altitude angle of 19 degrees to the local horizon. It exploded tens of kilometers above the ground with the energy of 0.9 to 2.1 kilotons of TNT over a remote area of the Nubian Desert, causing a large fireball or bolide.^[12]

The Times reported that the meteor's "light was so intense that it lit up the sky like a full moon and an airliner 1,400 km (870 mi) away reported seeing the bright flash."^[13] A webcam captured the flash lighting up El-Gouna beach 725 kilometres north of the explosion (see this webcam frame).^[14] A low-resolution image of the explosion was captured by the weather satellite Meteosat 8.^[15] The Meteosat images place the fireball at 21°00′N 32°09′E / 21.00°N 32.15°E / 21.00; 32.15 (2008 TC₃ fireball).^[16] Infrasound detector arrays in Kenya also detected a sound wave from the direction of the expected impact corresponding to energy of 1.1 to 2.1 kilotons of TNT.^[17] Asteroids of this size hit Earth about two or three times a year.^[18]

The trajectory showed intersection with Earth's surface at roughly 20°18′N 33°30′E / 20.3°N 33.5°E / 20.3; 33.5 (2008 TC₃ projected impact)^[19] though the object was expected to break up perhaps 100–200 kilometers (62–124 mi) west as it descended, somewhat east of the Nile River, and about 100 kilometers (62 mi) south of the Egypt–Sudan border.

According to U.S. government sources^[20][21] U.S. satellites detected the impact at 02:45:40 UT, with the initial detection at 20°54′N 31°24′E / 20.9°N 31.4°E / 20.9; 31.4 (2008 TC₃ initial detection) at 65.4 kilometers (40.6 mi; 35.3 nmi) altitude and final explosion at 20°48′N 32°12′E / 20.8°N 32.2°E / 20.8; 32.2 (2008 TC₃ final explosion) at 37 kilometers (23 mi; 20 nmi) altitude. These images have not been publicly released.

• EUMETSAT fireball images
• 

  Meteosat 8 / EUMETSAT visual image of first light flare from 2008 TC₃ with lat/long reference

• 

  Meteosat 8 / EUMETSAT IR image of main fireball from 2008 TC₃

• 

  Meteosat images combined, showing offset from first light flare to main IR flare

Recovered fragments (Almahata Sitta meteorite)

2008 TC₃ fragment found on Feb. 28, 2009 by Peter Jenniskens, with help from students and staff of the University of Khartoum. Nubian Desert, Sudan.

Search

A search of the impact zone that began on December 6, 2008, turned up 10.5 kilograms (23 lb) of rock in some 600 fragments. These meteorites are collectively named Almahata Sitta,^[22] which means "Station Six"^[23] in Arabic and is a train station between Wadi Halfa and Khartoum, Sudan. This search was led by Peter Jenniskens from the SETI Institute, California and Muawia Shaddad of the University of Khartoum in Sudan and carried out with the collaboration of students and staff of the University of Khartoum. The initial 15 meteorites were found in the first three days of the search. Numerous witnesses were interviewed, and the hunt was guided with a search grid and specific target area produced by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.^{[24][25][26][27][28]}

Analysis

Samples of the Almahata Sitta meteorite were sent for analysis to a consortium of researchers led by Jenniskens, the Almahata Sitta consortium, including NASA Ames in California, the Johnson Space Center in Houston, the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and Fordham University in New York City. The first sample measured was an anomalous ultra-fine-grained porous polymict ureilite achondrite, with large carbonaceous grains. Reflectance spectra of the meteorite, combined with the astronomical observations, identified asteroid 2008 TC₃ as an F-type asteroid class. These fragile anomalous dark carbon-rich ureilites are now firmly linked to the group of F-class asteroids.^[2] Amino acids have been found on the meteorite.^[29]

Full circle

Richard Kowalski, who discovered the object, received a tiny fragment of Almahatta Sitta, a gift from friends and well-wishers on the Minor Planet Mailing List, which Kowalski founded in order to help connect professional and amateur astronomers.^[30]

See also

• Carbonaceous chondrites
• List of notable asteroids
• 1972 Great Daylight Fireball
• Impact event
• 2014 AA
• WT1190F

References

Further reading

• Atkinson, N. (2008-10-13). "Where Are the Images from Asteroid 2008 TC3?". Universe Today. Archived from the original on 2009-06-10. Retrieved 2009-06-08. 
• Gayon-Markt, J.; Delbo, M.; Morbidelli, A.; Marchi, S. (2012-04-30). "On the origin of the Almahata-Sitta meteorite and 2008 TC₃ asteroid". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 424 (1): 508–518. arXiv:1206.3042. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.424..508G. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21220.x. 
• "80-ton asteroid's impact recorded". BBC. 2009-03-25. Retrieved 2013-08-13. 
• Dockweiler, T. (2009-03-12). "Earth's First Pre-Known Asteroid Impact: The Sudan Event of October 7, 2008" (PDF). Science Newsletter. Triton Fun Company. 4 (3): 1–2. Retrieved 2013-08-13. 
• Lakdawalla, E. (2008-10-07). "The full story of Earth-impacting asteroid 2008 TC3". The Planetary Society. Retrieved 2013-08-13. 
• Yeomans, D. (2008-10-07). "Small Asteroid Predicted to Cause Brilliant Fireball over Northern Sudan". Near Earth Object Program. Retrieved 2013-08-13. 

External links

External images

An image of 2008 TC3

Animation of 2008 TC3

Smoky trail (spaceweather.com November 8, 2008)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2008 TC3.

• Remanzacco Observatory photographs of the incoming space rock
• Telescopio Nazionale Galileo photograph of 2008 TC₃
• Announcement with animation
• "webcam record of flash effect from Red Sea beach at El Gouna, Egypt, 725 km away" (GIF). Archived from the original on 2009-06-10. Retrieved 2009-06-08. 
• NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Almahata Sitta 15 (28 March 2009)
• 2008 TC3 at the JPL Small-Body Database
  
  • Discovery · Orbit diagram · Orbital elements · Physical parameters

Modern impact events
On Earth	Pre-2000 1490 Ch'ing-yang 1783 Great Meteor 1860 Great Meteor 1908 Tunguska 1913 Great Meteor Procession 1930 Curuçá River 1938 Chicora meteor 1947 Sikhote-Alin meteorite 1969 Murchison meteorite 1972 Great Daylight Fireball 1990 Earth-grazing meteoroid Post-2000 2002 Eastern Mediterranean 2002 Vitim 2007 Carancas 2008 TC3 impact 2009 Sulawesi superbolide 2012 Sutter's Mill meteorite 2012 UK meteoroid 2012 Novato meteorite 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor Chelyabinsk meteorite 2014 AA impact 2014 Ontario fireball 2015 Kerala meteorite 2015 Thailand bolide WT1190F impact
On Jupiter	1994 Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 2009 Jupiter impact 2010 Jupiter impact
Lists	Asteroid close approaches to Earth Comets Meteor air bursts Meteorite falls Minor planets crossing Earth's orbit
See also	Asteroid impact avoidance Bolide Earth-grazing fireball Meteor procession Meteor shower Meteorite Meteoroid Near-Earth object Potentially hazardous object