2002–03 FA Premier League

FA Premier League
Season 2002–03
Champions Manchester United
8th Premier League title
15th English title
Relegated Sunderland
West Ham United
West Bromwich Albion
Champions League Manchester United
Arsenal
Newcastle United
Chelsea
UEFA Cup Southampton
Blackburn Rovers
Liverpool
Manchester City
Matches played 380
Goals scored 1000 (2.63 per match)
Top goalscorer Ruud van Nistelrooy (25)
Biggest home win Chelsea 5–0 Manchester City
(22 March 2003)
Arsenal 6–1 Southampton
(7 May 2003)
Biggest away win West Bromwich Albion 0–6 Liverpool
(26 April 2003)
Highest scoring Manchester United 5–3 Newcastle United
(23 November 2002)
Newcastle United 2–6 Manchester United
(12 April 2003)
Longest winning run 7 games[1]
Liverpool
Longest unbeaten run 18 games[1]
Manchester United
Longest winless run 20 games[1]
Sunderland
Longest losing run 15 games[1]
Sunderland
Highest attendance 67,721
Manchester United 4–1 Charlton Athletic
Lowest attendance 14,017
Fulham 0–4 Blackburn Rovers
Average attendance 35,470

The 2002–03 FA Premier League (known as the FA Barclaycard Premiership for sponsorship reasons) was the 11th season of the Premier League, the top division in English football. The first matches were played on 17 August 2002 and the last were played on 11 May 2003.

Manchester United ended the campaign as champions for the eighth time in eleven years – an achievement made all the more remarkable by virtue of defending champions Arsenal having been in the lead by eight points on March 2nd. Although this was a season of breaking new English domestic records for the Gunners,[nb 1] and leading at all fronts come the halfway stage, they threw away a priceless lead against Bolton Wanderers and finally surrendered the title with a 3–2 home defeat to Leeds United, in their antepenultimate game of the season. This result all but saved Leeds from relegation. Newcastle United and Chelsea were the remaining two teams, who qualified for the UEFA Champions League at the expense of Liverpool who had to settle for the UEFA Cup; they would be joined in Europe by Blackburn Rovers for their second successive season.

Teams

Stadium and locations

Arsenal
Aston Villa
Chelsea
Everton
Fulham
Liverpool
Middlesbrough
Southampton
Sunderland
Tottenham
Locations of the Premier League 2002–03 teams
Team Location Stadium Capacity
Arsenal Holloway Highbury 38,419
Aston Villa Witton Villa Park 42,573
Birmingham City Birmingham St Andrew's 30,009
Blackburn Rovers Blackburn Ewood Park 31,367
Bolton Wanderers Horwich Reebok Stadium 28,723
Charlton Athletic Charlton The Valley 27,111
Chelsea Fulham Stamford Bridge 42,055
Everton Walton Goodison Park 40,569
Fulham[nb 2] Fulham Loftus Road 19,148
Leeds United Beeston Elland Road 40,242
Liverpool Anfield Anfield 45,522
Manchester City[nb 3] Manchester Maine Road 35,150
Manchester United Old Trafford Old Trafford 68,174
Middlesbrough Middlesbrough Riverside Stadium 35,049
Newcastle United Newcastle upon Tyne St James' Park 52,387
Southampton Southampton St Mary's Stadium 32,689
Sunderland Sunderland Stadium of Light 49,000
Tottenham Hotspur Tottenham White Hart Lane 36,240
West Bromwich Albion West Bromwich The Hawthorns 28,003
West Ham United Upton Park Upton Park 35,647

Personnel and kits

Team Manager Captain Kit manufacturer Shirt sponsor
Arsenal Arsène Wenger Patrick Vieira Nike O2
Aston Villa Graham Taylor Steve Staunton Diadora Rover Company
Birmingham City Steve Bruce Jeff Kenna Le Coq Sportif Phones4U
Blackburn Rovers Graeme Souness Garry Flitcroft Kappa AMD Processors
Bolton Wanderers Sam Allardyce Guðni Bergsson Reebok Reebok
Charlton Athletic Alan Curbishley Graham Stuart Le Coq Sportif All Sport
Chelsea Claudio Ranieri Marcel Desailly Umbro Fly Emirates
Everton David Moyes David Weir Puma Kejian
Fulham Chris Coleman Andy Melville Adidas Betfair
Leeds United Peter Reid Dominic Matteo Nike Strongbow
Liverpool Gérard Houllier Sami Hyypiä Reebok Carlsberg
Manchester City Kevin Keegan Ali Benarbia Le Coq Sportif First Advice
Manchester United Sir Alex Ferguson Roy Keane Nike Vodafone
Middlesbrough Steve McClaren Gareth Southgate Erreà Dial-a-Phone
Newcastle United Sir Bobby Robson Alan Shearer Adidas NTL
Southampton Gordon Strachan Jason Dodd Saints Friends Provident
Sunderland Mick McCarthy Michael Gray Nike Reg Vardy
Tottenham Hotspur Glenn Hoddle Teddy Sheringham Kappa Thomson
West Bromwich Albion Gary Megson Sean Gregan The Baggies (by club) West Bromwich Building Society
West Ham United Trevor Brooking (caretaker) Joe Cole Fila Dr. Martens

Managerial changes

Team Outgoing manager Manner of departure Date of vacancy Position in table Incoming manager Date of appointment
Sunderland Peter Reid Sacked 7 October 2002[2] 17th Howard Wilkinson 10 October 2002[3]
Sunderland Howard Wilkinson Sacked 10 March 2003[4] 20th Mick McCarthy 12 March 2003[5]
Leeds United Terry Venables Sacked 21 March 2003[6] 15th Peter Reid 21 March 2003[7]
Fulham Jean Tigana Sacked 17 April 2003[8] 15th Chris Coleman 15 May 2003[9]
West Ham United Glenn Roeder Temporary[nb 4] 17 April 2003[10] 18th Trevor Brooking 11 May 2003[11]

League table

Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification or relegation
1 Manchester United (C) 38 25 8 5 74 34+40 83 2003–04 UEFA Champions League Group stage
2 Arsenal 38 23 9 6 85 42+43 78
3 Newcastle United 38 21 6 11 63 48+15 69 2003–04 UEFA Champions League Third qualifying round
4 Chelsea 38 19 10 9 68 38+30 67
5 Liverpool 38 18 10 10 61 41+20 64 2003–04 UEFA Cup First round 1
6 Blackburn Rovers 38 16 12 10 52 43+9 60
7 Everton 38 17 8 13 48 491 59
8 Southampton 38 13 13 12 43 463 52 2003–04 UEFA Cup First round 2
9 Manchester City 38 15 6 17 47 547 51 2003–04 UEFA Cup Qualifying round 3
10 Tottenham Hotspur 38 14 8 16 51 6211 50
11 Middlesbrough 38 13 10 15 48 44+4 49
12 Charlton Athletic 38 14 7 17 45 5611 49
13 Birmingham City 38 13 9 16 41 498 48
14 Fulham 38 13 9 16 41 509 48
15 Leeds United 38 14 5 19 58 57+1 47
16 Aston Villa 38 12 9 17 42 475 45
17 Bolton Wanderers 38 10 14 14 41 5110 44
18 West Ham United (R) 38 10 12 16 42 5917 42 Relegation to 2003–04 Football League First Division
19 West Bromwich Albion (R) 38 6 8 24 29 6536 26
20 Sunderland (R) 38 4 7 27 21 6544 19

Updated to games played on 11 May 2003.
Source: FA Premier League
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored
1Since Liverpool qualified for the UEFA Cup via the league, their place in the UEFA Cup as League Cup winners reverted to the league and was awarded to Blackburn Rovers.
2Since Arsenal qualified for the Champions League, their place in the UEFA Cup as FA Cup winners went to Southampton, who were the FA Cup runners-up.
3Manchester City qualified for the UEFA Cup as Fair Play winners.
(C) = Champion; (R) = Relegated; (P) = Promoted; (E) = Eliminated; (O) = Play-off winner; (A) = Advances to a further round.
Only applicable when the season is not finished:
(Q) = Qualified to the phase of tournament indicated; (TQ) = Qualified to tournament, but not yet to the particular phase indicated; (RQ) = Qualified to the relegation tournament indicated; (DQ) = Disqualified from tournament.

Results

Home ╲ Away ARS AST BIRBLBBOLCHACHEEVEFULLEELIVMCIMUNMIDNEWSOUSUNTOTWBAWHU
Arsenal 30 20 12 21 20 32 21 21 23 11 21 22 20 10 61 31 30 52 31
Aston Villa 11 02 30 20 20 21 32 31 00 01 10 01 30 01 01 10 01 21 41
Birmingham City 04 30 01 31 11 13 11 00 21 21 02 01 30 02 32 20 11 10 22
Blackburn Rovers 20 00 11 00 10 23 01 21 10 22 10 10 10 52 10 00 12 11 22
Bolton Wanderers 22 10 42 11 12 11 12 00 03 23 20 11 21 43 11 11 10 11 10
Charlton Athletic 03 30 02 31 11 23 21 01 16 20 22 13 10 02 21 11 01 10 42
Chelsea 11 20 30 12 10 41 41 11 32 21 50 22 10 30 00 30 11 20 23
Everton 21 21 11 21 00 10 13 20 20 12 22 12 21 21 21 21 22 10 00
Fulham 01 21 01 04 41 10 00 20 10 32 01 11 10 21 22 10 32 30 01
Leeds United 14 31 20 23 24 12 20 01 20 01 30 10 23 03 11 01 22 00 10
Liverpool 22 11 22 11 20 21 10 00 20 31 12 12 11 22 30 00 21 20 20
Manchester City 15 31 10 22 20 01 03 31 41 21 03 31 00 10 01 30 23 12 01
Manchester United 20 11 20 31 01 41 21 30 30 21 40 11 10 53 21 21 10 10 30
Middlesbrough 02 25 10 10 20 11 11 11 22 22 10 31 31 10 22 30 51 30 22
Newcastle United 11 11 10 51 10 21 21 21 20 02 10 20 26 20 21 20 21 21 40
Southampton 32 22 20 11 00 00 11 10 42 32 01 20 02 00 11 21 10 10 11
Sunderland 04 10 01 00 02 13 12 01 03 12 21 03 11 13 01 01 20 12 01
Tottenham Hotspur 11 10 21 04 31 22 00 43 11 20 23 02 02 03 01 21 41 31 32
West Bromwich Albion 12 00 11 02 11 01 02 12 10 13 06 12 13 10 22 10 22 23 12
West Ham United 22 22 12 21 11 02 10 01 11 34 03 00 11 10 22 01 20 20 01

Source: FA Premier League
1 ^ The home team is listed in the left-hand column.
Colours: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.
For coming matches, an a indicates there is an article about the match.

Overall

Season statistics

Top scorers

Rank Player Club Goals[12]
1 Ruud van Nistelrooy Manchester United 25
2 Thierry Henry Arsenal 24
3 James Beattie Southampton 23
4 Mark Viduka Leeds United 20
5 Michael Owen Liverpool 19
6 Alan Shearer Newcastle United 17
7 Nicolas Anelka Manchester City 15
8 Gianfranco Zola Chelsea 14
Robert Pirès Arsenal 14
Harry Kewell Leeds United 14
Paul Scholes Manchester United 14

Hat-tricks

Player For Against Result Date
Owen, MichaelMichael Owen Liverpool Manchester City 3–0 28 September 2002
Beattie, JamesJames Beattie Southampton Fulham 4–2 27 October 2002
van Nistelrooy, RuudRuud van Nistelrooy Manchester United Newcastle United 5–3 23 November 2002
Keane, RobbieRobbie Keane Tottenham Hotspur Everton 4–3 12 January 2003
Henry, ThierryThierry Henry Arsenal West Ham United 3–1 27 January 2003
van Nistelrooy, RuudRuud van Nistelrooy Manchester United Fulham 3–0 22 March 2003
Viduka, MarkMark Viduka Leeds United Charlton Athletic 6–1 5 April 2003
Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes Manchester United Newcastle United 6–2 12 April 2003
Owen, MichaelMichael Owen4 Liverpool West Bromwich Albion 6–0 26 April 2003
van Nistelrooy, RuudRuud van Nistelrooy Manchester United Charlton Athletic 4–1 3 May 2003
Pennant, JermaineJermaine Pennant Arsenal Southampton
6–1
7 May 2003
Pirès, RobertRobert Pirès
Ljungberg, FredrikFredrik Ljungberg Arsenal Sunderland 4–0 11 May 2003

Scoring

Clean sheets

Discipline

Awards

Monthly awards

Month Manager of the Month Player of the Month
ManagerClubPlayerClub
August Glenn Hoddle[17] Tottenham Hotspur Sylvain Wiltord[18] Arsenal
September Arsène Wenger[19] Arsenal Thierry Henry[19] Arsenal
October Gérard Houllier[20] Liverpool Gianfranco Zola[20] Chelsea
November David Moyes[21] Everton James Beattie[22] Southampton
December Gordon Strachan[23] Southampton Alan Shearer[24] Newcastle United
January Sir Bobby Robson[25] Newcastle United Paul Scholes[26] Manchester United
February Alan Curbishley[27] Charlton Athletic Robert Pirès[28] Arsenal
March Glenn Roeder[29] West Ham United Steven Gerrard[30] Liverpool
April Sir Alex Ferguson[31] Manchester United Ruud van Nistelrooy[31] Manchester United

Annual awards

PFA Players' Player of the Year

The PFA Players' Player of the Year award for 2003 was won by Thierry Henry of Arsenal.[32] This was the Frenchman's first award of the season and he beat off competition from the previous winner Ruud van Nistelrooy.

The shortlist for the PFA Players' Player of the Year award, in alphabetical order, was as follows:

Player Team
James Beattie Southampton
Thierry Henry Arsenal
Ruud van Nistelrooy Manchester United
Paul Scholes Manchester United
Alan Shearer Newcastle United
Gianfranco Zola Chelsea

PFA Young Player of the Year

The PFA Young Player of the Year award was won by Jermaine Jenas of Newcastle United.[33] Wayne Rooney was voted runner-up, and John O'Shea finished third in one of his first full seasons as a United player.

The shortlist for the award was as follows:

Player Team
Craig Bellamy Newcastle United
Jermain Defoe West Ham United
Jermaine Jenas Newcastle United
John O'Shea Manchester United
Scott Parker Charlton Athletic
Wayne Rooney Everton

PFA Team of the Year

PFA Team of the Year

Goalkeeper: Brad Friedel (Blackburn Rovers)
Defence: Stephen Carr (Tottenham Hotspur), Sol Campbell (Arsenal), William Gallas (Chelsea), Ashley Cole (Arsenal)
Midfield: Patrick Vieira (Arsenal), Paul Scholes (Manchester United), Kieron Dyer (Newcastle United), Robert Pirès (Arsenal)
Attack: Thierry Henry (Arsenal), Alan Shearer (Newcastle United)

Barclaycard Manager of the Year

The award was won by Sir Alex Ferguson[34] for winning his eighth title and regaining the league after a superb second half to the season, involving an 18-match unbeaten run.

Barclaycard Player of the Year

The award was given to Ruud van Nistelrooy,[35] whose form, creativity and goals all helped Manchester United regain the league from Arsenal.

Barclaycard Golden Boot

This award was also won by Ruud van Nistelrooy who scored 25 goals in 38 league matches and 44 in all competitions. He also equalled his record of eight goals in eight successive matches at the beginning of the season, a milestone he had reached the previous season. Van Nistelrooy finished one goal ahead of Arsenal's Thierry Henry while James Beattie managed 23 league goals for Southampton. Since the reduction of the number of games from 42 to 38 in 1996, only Kevin Phillips had scored more Premiership goals in one season – 30 for Sunderland in the 1999–2000 season.

Barclaycard Golden Gloves

The award was given to Chelsea goalkeeper Carlo Cudicini, who proved vital in their quest for UEFA Champions League football. He kept twelve clean sheets – the most in the season – and only conceded 35 goals. Viewers of ITV's On the Ball voted Cudicini, ahead of Southampton keeper Antti Niemi, and Blackburn Rovers' Brad Friedel.[36]

Goal of the season

The annual award was won by a wonder goal from Thierry Henry against Tottenham Hotspur, on 16 November 2002, voted by viewers of ITV's The Premiership.

Henry – chance for a break out, Wiltord to his right, Bergkamp to his left...they'll do well to catch up with Thierry Henry though...he's drifted away from Carr – HENRY! What a fabulous solo goal by Thierry Henry. A long distance goal followed by a long distance celebration...and Arsenal are back in the goalscoring business, after their midweek blank. Henry's been short of a goal or two just recently...but look at the confidence as he breaks from inside his own half, shrugging off Etherington, stepping away from Carr and from King...and picking his spot – he had options...but he had eyes for only one thing – the back of Kasey Keller's net. Thierry Henry moves into double figures for the season.
Clive Tyldesley on Thierry Henry's solo goal when commentating the North London derby for The Premiership on ITV1.[37]

The French striker picked up the ball from his side of the pitch and ran almost 30 yards (27 m), twisting and turning the Spurs defence to unleash a thunderous shot. In celebration, he ran the distance of the whole pitch and skidded in front of the Spurs faithful. The goal proved important as it helped them regain their position at the top of the Premiership from Liverpool.

Barclaycard Premiership Fair Play Award

The Fair Play Award was won by Manchester United.[38]

Pos Club Games
played
Red/Yellow
cards
Positive
play
Respect toward
opponents
Respect toward
referee
Behaviour of
team officials
Points Score Average
1 Manchester United 38 332 325 223 226 206 1312 328.00 8.63
2 Newcastle United 38 325 318 217 218 200 1278 319.50 8.41
3 Chelsea 38 314 306 213 221 200 1254 313.50 8.25
4 Liverpool 38 324 301 224 225 180 1254 313.50 8.25
5 Manchester City 38 310 288 224 231 194 1247 311.75 8.20
6 Arsenal 38 315 319 214 212 180 1240 310.00 8.16
7 Middlesbrough 38 318 290 224 229 173 1234 308.50 8.12
8 Blackburn Rovers 38 307 292 219 222 178 1218 304.50 8.01
9 Aston Villa 38 304 283 212 218 201 1218 304.50 8.01
10 Everton 38 304 293 217 214 185 1213 303.25 7.98
11 Sunderland 38 314 255 220 226 196 1211 302.75 7.97
12 Fulham 38 304 284 203 211 203 1205 301.25 7.93
13 Leeds United 38 304 290 206 210 194 1204 301.00 7.92
14 West Bromwich Albion 38 316 273 219 214 181 1203 300.75 7.91
15 Southampton 38 323 282 221 220 154 1200 300.00 7.89
16 Tottenham Hotspur 38 309 291 215 207 174 1196 299.00 7.87
17 West Ham United 38 298 281 211 212 191 1193 298.25 7.85
18 Charlton Athletic 38 316 270 210 214 177 1187 296.75 7.81
19 Bolton Wanderers 38 299 279 218 217 161 1174 293.50 7.72
20 Birmingham City 38 295 271 201 213 179 1159 289.75 7.63

See also

Footnotes

  1. After defeating Birmingham at the start of the season, Arsenal equalled a top-flight record of fourteen straight wins but in their next game at West Ham United failed to extend it, being held to a 2–2 draw. They remained unbeaten for 30 Premiership games, (23 of which were played away) until late October and Arsène Wenger's all conquering Gunners scored in 55 consecutive league games up until the visit to Old Trafford.
  2. Fulham temporarily relocated to Loftus Road after Craven Cottage was in need of a refurbishment. They were on course to move back in August 2004.
  3. This was the last season Manchester City played in Maine Road. They would move to the redeveloped 48,000 seater City of Manchester Stadium. Highlights of the season was the last ever Manchester derby, which was won emphatically by City. However, Manchester City did lose their last game at the stadium to Southampton.
  4. West Ham United manager Glenn Roeder was forced to take sick leave in mid-April after being diagnosed with a brain tumour during a Premier League match against Middlesbrough at Upton Park. Former Hammers legend Sir Trevor Brooking took temporary charge for the remaining three matches. Despite Brooking's efforts, the Hammers failed to beat the drop after drawing against Birmingham on the final day of the season.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "English Premier League 2002–03". statto.com. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  2. "Sunderland sack Reid". BBC Sport. 7 October 2002. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
  3. "Wilkinson takes Sunderland job". BBC Sport. 10 October 2002. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
  4. "Sunderland sack Wilkinson". BBC Sport. 10 March 2003. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
  5. "McCarthy unveiled as Sunderland boss". BBC Sport. 12 March 2003. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
  6. "Venables leaves Leeds". BBC Sport. 21 March 2003. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
  7. "Leeds turn to Reid". BBC Sport. 21 March 2003. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
  8. "Tigana exits Fulham". BBC News. 17 April 2003. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
  9. "Coleman named Fulham boss". BBC Sport. 15 May 2003. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
  10. "No change for Roeder". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 25 April 2003. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
  11. Townsend, Nick (11 May 2003). "Cost of a crazy season: Reid all about it". Independent Online. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
  12. "Barclaycard Premiership Top Scorers". soccerbot.com. Soccerbot. Archived from the original on 22 July 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  13. "Premiership clockwatch". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 17 August 2002. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  14. 1 2 3 4 "Barclays Premier League Stats – 2002–03". ESPN Soccernet. ESPN. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  15. "Results – Season: 2002–2003". Premier League. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  16. 1 2 "Barclays Premier League Stats: Player Discipline – 2002–03". ESPN Soccernet. ESPN. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
  17. "Hoddle wins manager award". BBC Sport. 10 September 2002. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
  18. "Wiltord bags award". BBC Sport. 10 September 2002. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
  19. 1 2 "Arsenal duo bag awards". BBC Sport. 4 October 2002. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
  20. 1 2 "Houllier, Zola bag awards". BBC Sport. 1 November 2002. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  21. "Moyes named top boss". BBC Sport. 5 December 2002. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  22. "Beattie bags award". BBC Sport. 6 December 2002. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
  23. "Strachan is December's man". BBC Sport. 9 January 2003. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
  24. "Shearer lands award". BBC Sport. 10 January 2003. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
  25. "Robson named top boss". BBC Sport. 7 February 2003. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
  26. "Scholes scoops award". BBC Sport. 7 February 2003. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
  27. "Curbishley is top boss". BBC Sport. 28 February 2003. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
  28. "Pires is player of the month". BBC Sport. 10 March 2003. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
  29. "Roeder is top boss". BBC Sport. 10 April 2003. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
  30. "Gerrard takes honour". BBC Sport. 10 April 2003. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
  31. 1 2 "Man Utd pair scoop awards". BBC Sport. 2 May 2003. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
  32. McKechnie, David (28 April 2003). "Henry lands PFA award". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  33. "Hart hails Jenas PFA award". BBC Sport. 28 April 2003. Retrieved 28 April 2003.
  34. "Fergie scoops year award". 4TheGame. 31 July 2003. Archived from the original on 22 July 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  35. "Van Nistelrooy does awards double". 4TheGame. 14 May 2003. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  36. "Cudicini scoops golden gloves award". 4TheGame. 16 May 2003. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  37. via Arsenal's Season Review 2002–03 & airings of The Premiership on 16 & 17 Nov, 7 Dec 2002 and penultimate broadcasting for the season.
  38. "Barclaycard Premiership 2002/2003 Fair Play League" (PDF). FA Premier League. 16 May 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2003. Retrieved 22 March 2012.

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 9/17/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.