2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile

2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile
Names
IUPAC name
2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile
Other names
Dichlobanil, Dichlobenil
Identifiers
1194-65-6 YesY
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
ChEBI CHEBI:943 YesY
ChemSpider 2923 YesY
ECHA InfoCard 100.013.443
KEGG C11040 YesY
PubChem 3031
UNII N42NR4196R YesY
Properties
C7H3Cl2N
Molar mass 172.01 g/mol
Appearance white crystalline powder
Density 1.623 g/cm3
Melting point 144.5 °C (292.1 °F; 417.6 K)
Boiling point 279 °C (534 °F; 552 K)
insoluble
Hazards
Flash point 126 °C (259 °F; 399 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile (DCBN or dichlobenil) is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H3Cl2CN. It is a white solid that is soluble in organic solvents. It is widely used as an herbicide.[1]

Mechanism of action

It has herbicidal properties killing young seedlings of both monocot and dicot species.[2] DCBN interferes with cellulose synthesis. DCBN adapted cell walls use minimal amounts of cellulose, instead relying on Ca2+-bridge pectates.[3]

Government reports

Usage

In 1971 in the U.S. State of California, their department of agriculture reported, "Dichlobenil kills the roots of many species, but not all; further, the killing does not extend much beyond the portion actually soaked."[4]

In 1996, the University of California's Statewide Integrated Pest Management Project reported:

Dosages were difficult to control... and as a result soaking or spraying methods are no longer used.
The current application method involves applying metam-sodium products in foam carriers (similar to shaving cream).[5]

The U.S. Food & Drug Administration or FDA (a major operational division of the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services) mentions "dichlobenil" in a reports entitled "Herbicidal suppression of bracken and effects on forage production."[6]

Residue

On the one hand, the Inland Fisheries Ireland has reported, "The dichlobenil residue in water almost completely dissipates in 5 to 6 months."[7]

On the other hand, the U.S. Department of Energy - Bonneville Power Administration has reported "high potential" for dichlobenil to mix into water runoff and "moderate potential" to enter groundwater. It then states with regard to "threateneed and endangered species" that "federally listed terrestrial and aquatic plants may be adversely affected if the product is applied directly to the plants, or indirectly as the result of drift or leaching."[8]

U.S. FDA reports on pesticide residue have included "dichlobenil" at least since 2001, if not earlier:

Toxicity and environment

Since 1995, the U.S. National Institutes of Health has warned about potential damage to humans during indoor usage (see products listed, below):

Leave all windows open and fans operating... Put all pets outdoors, and take yourself any your family away from treated areas for at least the length of time prescribed on the label. [13]

In 2006, the University of Hertfordshire reported on "dichlobenil":

It is no longer approved for use within the EU. It has low solubility, is not highly volatle and has potential to leach into groundwater. It is moderately persistent in soils and very persistent in water. It is moderately toxic to mammals, aquatic organisms, honeybees and earthworms.[14]

The report quotes a European Union regulatory effective date of 2009.[14]

The Inland Fisheries Ireland has reported:

The registration of all dichlobenil products (including Casoron G) was revoked in Ireland from 18th March 2009, under Commission Decision 2008/754/EC of 18th September 2008. A period of grace for the disposal, storage, placing on the market and use of existing stocks expired on 18th March 2010.[7]

The London underground found itself in violation by using dichlobenil in September 2011.[15]

As of 2012, the United Nations' International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) has advised that "the substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion... A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed... The substance may have effects on the skin. This may result in chloracne.[16] Further, it has advised

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.[16]

For personal protection during usage, the IPCS advises:

Particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance... Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.[16]

While the ICPS warns strongly, "Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment," it does not note that the contradiction that dichlobenil's usage is on the environment.[16]

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) follows and cites the ICPS.[17]

Consumer products

USA

This partial list of consumer products with "dichlobenil" as an active ingredient:

Synthesis

Dichlobenil is produced from 2,6-dichlorotoluene via the oxime.[1] Its activity was discovered in the mid 50s.

References

  1. 1 2 Franz Müller and Arnold P. Applebyki "Weed Control, 2. Individual Herbicides" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2010 doi:10.1002/14356007.o28_o01
  2. ↑ Principles of weed science
  3. ↑ Plant Responses to Environmental Stresses: From Phytohormones to Genome Reorganization: From Phytohormones to Genome Reorganization
  4. ↑ "Control of Tree Roots in Sewers and Drains" (PDF). California Agriculture. 1971. p. 14. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  5. ↑ "Control of Tree Roots in Sewers and Drains" (PDF). University of California: Statewide Integrated Pest Management Project - Pesticide Education Program. 1996. p. 29. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  6. ↑ "Herbicidal suppression of bracken and effects on forage production". FDA Poisonous Plant Database. 1971. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  7. 1 2 "Lagarosiphon Control in Lough Corrib" (PDF). Inland Fisheries Ireland. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  8. ↑ "Dichlobenil: Herbicide Fact Sheet" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy - Bonneville Power Administration. pp. 2, 3. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  9. ↑ "Pesticide Residue Monitoring Program 2001". FDA. 2001. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  10. ↑ "Pesticide Residue Monitoring Database User's Manual - List of Pesticide Names". FDA. March 2004. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  11. ↑ "Pesticide Residue Monitoring Program Results and Discussion FY 2005". FDA. 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  12. ↑ "Pesticide Monitoring Program 2008". FDA. 2008. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  13. ↑ "Dichlobenil". NIH NLM ToxNet. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  14. 1 2 "dichlobenil (Ref: H 133)". University of Hertfordshire - Pesticide Properties DataBase. 2006. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  15. ↑ "'Toxic' pesticide Dichlobenil used on London Underground". BBC News. 2006. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
  16. 1 2 3 4 "dichlobenil (Ref: H 133)". University of Hertfordshire - Pesticide Properties DataBase. 2006. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  17. ↑ "Dichlobenil (Ref: H 133)". CDC - International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC). 2006. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  18. ↑ "Oblitiroot". Olvidium. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  19. ↑ "Root Reach". Heartland Labs. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  20. ↑ "Root Kill". Zep. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  21. ↑ "Foaming Root Killer". Roebic. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  22. ↑ "RootX". RootX. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
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