1944 in literature

This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1944.

Events

• February 6 – Première of Jean Anouilh's tragedy Antigone, at the Théâtre de l'Atelier in Nazi-occupied Paris.
• May – Première of Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialist drama Huis Clos, at the Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier in Nazi-occupied Paris.
• June 1 & June 5 – The first and second lines respectively of Paul Verlaine's 1866 poem Chanson d'automne (Les sanglots longs des violons de l'automne / Blessent mon cœur d'une langueur monotone.) are broadcast by the Allies over BBC Radio Londres as a coded message to the French Resistance to prepare for the D-Day landings (second broadcast at 22:15 local time).^[1]
• June
  • D-Day landings and Invasion of Normandy: English soldier-poet Keith Douglas is killed; William Golding is in command of Landing Craft Tank (Rocket) 460 at Gold Beach; Vernon Scannell (as John Bain) experiences the incident that gives rise to the poem "Walking Wounded" (1965) and is wounded; and, during lulls in the fighting, J. D. Salinger (having landed on Utah Beach) is working on an early version of The Catcher in the Rye and Dennis B. Wilson is writing the poem that will be published as Elegy of a Common Soldier in 2012.^[2]
  • The final edition of the Breton nationalist newspaper L'Heure Bretonne is published.
• August – With the Liberation of Paris, Jean Genet's novel Notre Dame des Fleurs (1943) can begin to circulate openly.
• September 14 – Laurence Olivier opens in the title rôle of Richard III at The Old Vic in London.
• October – Contents of the Załuski Library are deliberately destroyed during the planned destruction of Warsaw by Nazi occupiers.
• October 2 – After a few months' internment at Drancy and Birkenau, Benjamin Fondane is one of 700 prisoners put to death in the gas chamber—the last such killing before Birkenau is evicted;^[3] upon selection, Fondane is heard joking about the irony of his misfortune.^[4]
• November 22 – Release in England of Laurence Olivier's Henry V, the first work of Shakespeare filmed in colour.
• November 23 – Arthur Miller's play The Man Who Had All the Luck (written in 1940) has its Broadway première at the Forrest Theatre in New York City but lasts for only 4 performances.
• December 26 – Tennessee Williams' semi-autobiographical "memory play" The Glass Menagerie, adapted from a short story, premières at the Civic Theatre in Chicago.
• c. December – Günter Grass is conscripted into the Waffen-SS.
• English actor-manager Geoffrey Kendal arrives in India for the first time with Entertainments National Service Association touring Patrick Hamilton's drama Gas Light; from 1947 Kendal's touring repertory theatre company "Shakespeareana" will perform Shakespeare in towns and villages across the country for several decades.^[5]

New books

Fiction

• Samuel Hopkins Adams – Canal Town
• Jorge Amado – Terras do Sem Fim (The Violent Land)
• Esther Averill – The Cat Club
• Vaikom Muhammad Basheer – Balyakalasakhi
• H. E. Bates – Fair Stood the Wind for France
• Saul Bellow – Dangling Man
• Jorge Luis Borges – Ficciones
• Christianna Brand – Green for Danger
• John Dickson Carr
  • Till Death Do Us Part
  • He Wouldn't Kill Patience (as by Carter Dickson)
• Joyce Cary – The Horse's Mouth
• Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Guignol's Band
• Agatha Christie
  • Death Comes as the End
  • Towards Zero
  • Absent in the Spring (as by Mary Westmacott)
• Colette – Gigi
• Edmund Crispin – The Case of the Gilded Fly
• A. J. Cronin – The Green Years
• Esther Forbes – Johnny Tremain
• L. P. Hartley – The Shrimp and the Anemone
• John Hersey – A Bell for Adano
• Georgette Heyer – Friday's Child
• Charles R. Jackson – The Lost Weekend
• Kalki Krishnamurthy – Sivagamiyin Sapatham (சிவகாமியின் சபதம், The Vow of Sivagami)
• Pär Lagerkvist – Dvärgen
• Anne Morrow Lindbergh – The Steep Ascent
• H. P. Lovecraft – Marginalia
• Curzio Malaparte – Kaputt
• W. Somerset Maugham – The Razor's Edge
• Oscar Micheaux – The Case of Mrs. Wingate
• Alberto Moravia – Agostino (Two Adolescents)
• Gunnar Myrdal – An American Dilemma
• Anna Seghers
  • Transit
  • "Der Ausflug der toten Mädchen" (The Excursion of the Dead Girls, short story)
• Anya Seton – Dragonwyck
• Clark Ashton Smith – Lost Worlds
• Philip Van Doren Stern – The Greatest Gift (first trade publication)
• Rex Stout – Not Quite Dead Enough
• Phoebe Atwood Taylor (as Alice Tilton) – Dead Ernest
• Donald Wandrei – The Eye and the Finger
• Martin Wickremasinghe – Gamperaliya
• Henry S. Whitehead – Jumbee and Other Uncanny Tales

Children and young people

• Esther Averill – The Cat Club
• Enid Blyton – The Island of Adventure
• Robert Bright – Georgie
• Alice Dalgliesh – The Silver Pencil
• Eleanor Estes – The Hundred Dresses
• Eric Linklater – The Wind on the Moon
• Feodor Rojankovsky – The Tall Book of Nursery Tales
• Margery Sharp – Cluny Brown

Drama

• Jean Anouilh – Antigone
• Bertolt Brecht – The Caucasian Chalk Circle (Der Kaukasische Kreidekreis; written)
• Balwant Gargi – Lohākuṭ ("Blacksmith")
• Max Otto Koischwitz – Vision Of Invasion (broadcast propaganda)
• Terence Rattigan - Love In Idleness
• Lawrence Riley – Time to Kill
• Jean-Paul Sartre – Huis Clos
• John Van Druten – I Remember Mama
• Franz Werfel – Jacobowsky and the Colonel (Jacobowsky und der Oberst)
• Tennessee Williams – The Glass Menagerie

Poetry

• James K. Baxter – Beyond the Palisade
• Paul Éluard – Au rendez-vous allemand (To the German Rendezvous)
• Five Young American Poets, volume 3, including work by Eve Merriam, John Frederick Nims, Jean Garrigue, Tennessee Williams and Alejandro Carrión
• Nicholas Moore – The Glass Tower

Non-fiction

• Charles William Beebe – Book of Naturalists
• Friedrich Hayek – The Road to Serfdom
• Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno – Dialectic of Enlightenment (Dialektik der Aufklärung)
• Margaret Landon – Anna and the King of Siam
• Gunnar Myrdal – An American Dilemma
• L. T. C. Rolt – Narrow Boat
• Charles Stevenson – Ethics and Language
• G. M. Trevelyan – English Social History: a survey of six centuries from Chaucer to Queen Victoria

Births

• January 8 – Terry Brooks, American writer of fantasy fiction
• January 17 – Jan Guillou, Swedish author
• January 21 – Jack Abbott, American writer (suicide 2002)
• February 7 – Witi Ihimaera, New Zealand Māori writer
• February 9 – Alice Walker, American novelist and poet
• February 11 – Joy Williams, American fiction writer
• February 14
  • Alan Parker, English director and writer
  • Carl Bernstein, American journalist
• February 16 – Richard Ford, American novelist
• February 27 – Ken Grimwood, American writer (died 2003)
• May 13 – Armistead Maupin, American novelist
• May 17 – Uldis Bērziņš, Latvian poet and translator
• May 18 – W. G. Sebald, German novelist (died 2001)
• June 5
  • John Fraser, Canadian journalist
  • Nigel Rees, English writer and broadcaster
• August 10 – Barbara Erskine, English novelist
• August 18 – Paula Danziger, American young adult novelist
• August 19 – Bodil Malmsten, Swedish writer
• August 30 – Molly Ivins, American journalist (died 2007)
• September 19 – Ismet Özel, Turkish poet
• October 2 – Vernor Vinge, American science fiction novelist
• October 5 – Tomás de Jesús Mangual, Puerto Rican journalist (died 2011)
• November 7 – Peter Wilby, English journalist
• November 24 – Eintou Pearl Springer, Trinidadian poet
• November 28 – Rita Mae Brown, American writer and political activist
• December 9 – Ki Longfellow, American novelist
• December 1 – Tahar Ben Jelloun, French Moroccan-born novelist
• December 15 – Elizabeth Arnold, English children's writer
• December 17 – Jack L. Chalker, American science fiction novelist (died 2005)
• December 21 – James Sallis, American crime novelist
• Unknown dates
  • Tom Leonard, Scottish dialect poet
  • Patrick O'Connell, Canadian poet (died 2005)

Deaths

• January 6 – Ida Tarbell, American journalist (born 1857)
• January 8 – Joseph Jastrow, Polish American psychologist (born 1863)
• January 31 – Jean Giraudoux, French dramatist (born 1882)
• February 10 – Israel Joshua Singer, Yiddish novelist (born 1893)
• February 12 – Olive Custance, English poet (born 1874)
• March 5
  • Max Jacob, French poet and critic (died in internment camp, born 1876)
  • Alun Lewis, Welsh war poet (accidental shooting, born 1915)
• March 11 – Irvin S. Cobb, American writer (born 1876)
• March 28 – Stephen Leacock, English-born Canadian humorous writer and economist (born 1869)
• May 3 – Anica Černej, Slovenian poet (died in concentration camp, born 1900)
• May 12
  • Max Brand, American Western, pulp fiction and screenwriter (killed as war correspondent, born 1892)
  • Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch ("Q"), English author and critic (born 1863)
• May 16 – George Ade, American journalist and dramatist (born 1866)
• May 24 – Harold Bell Wright, American writer (born 1872)
• June – Joseph Campbell, Northern Irish poet (born 1879)
• June 9 – Keith Douglas, English war poet (killed in action, born 1920)
• June 13 – Elizabeth Wharton Drexel, American socialite and author (born 1868)
• June 16 – Marc Bloch, French historian (executed, born 1886)
• July 31 – Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, French pilot and writer (lost in aircraft, born 1900)
• August 13 – Ethel Lina White, British crime novelist (born 1876)
• September 4 – Margery Williams, English-born American children's writer (born 1881)
• September 13 – W. Heath Robinson, English cartoonist and illustrator (born 1872)
• October 2 – Benjamin Fondane, Romanian-born French poet, playwright and critic (Nazi gas chamber, born 1898)
• October 19 – Karel Poláček, Czech writer, humorist and journalist (born 1892)
• October 29 – Stephen Hudson (born Sydney Schiff), English novelist, translator and arts patron (born 1868)
• November 15 – Edith Durham, English travel writer (born 1863)
• December 17 – Robert Nichols, English poet and dramatist (born 1893)
• December 30 – Romain Rolland, French author and Nobel laureate (born 1866)
• Unknown date – David Vogel, Hebrew poet (died in concentration camp, born 1891)

Awards

• Carnegie Medal for children's literature: Eric Linklater, The Wind on the Moon
• James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: Forrest Reid, Young Tom
• James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: C. V. Wedgwood, William the Silent
• Newbery Medal for children's literature: Esther Forbes, Johnny Tremain
• Nobel Prize for literature: Johannes V. Jensen
• Premio Nadal (first award): Carmen Laforet, Nada
• Pulitzer Prize for Drama: no award given
• Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Stephen Vincent Benét, Western Star
• Pulitzer Prize for the Novel: Martin Flavin, Journey in the Dark
• Shelley Memorial Award for Poetry: E. E. Cummings

References